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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
取代基的定向效应:邻位–对位定向基团
取代基的定向效应:邻位–对位定向基团
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups

18.12: 取代基的定向效应:邻位–对位定向基团

7,572 Views
01:14 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

邻位-对位定位基是连接在苯环上的取代基,引导亲电试剂加成到取代基的邻位或对位。 所有给电子基团都被视为邻位-对位定位基。 它们向环提供电子,使环更富含电子。 因此,该环易于添加亲电子试剂。 氨基、羟基或烷氧基等取代基在与环相邻的原子上含有孤电子对,通过共振提供电子。 例如,苯酚可以在邻位、间位或对位进行硝化。 然而,邻位和对位碳阳离子中间体比间位中间体更稳定,因为它们具有更多的共振形式。 此外,邻位和对位碳正离子中间体存在一种特别有利的形式,即由氧的非键电子的贡献产生的形式。

不具有孤电子对的烷基取代基也可充当邻位-对位定位基。 它们通过感应效应贡献电子。 参与邻位-对位攻击的碳正离子中间体比间位更稳定。 邻位-对位定位基通过直接稳定甲基取代的碳上的正电荷来发挥作用。 由于它是叔位,因此可以通过甲基的给电子诱导作用来稳定正电荷

Transcript

在亲电取代过程中,存在于苯环上的取代基将进入基团引导到邻位或对位的邻位是邻位对位导演。

这些取代基通过向苯环提供电子来发挥作用,从而增加环对亲电试剂的反应性。

在

与环相邻的原子上具有未共享电子对的基团通过共振提供电子。

例如,苯酚的硝化在 ortho-para 位置比在 meta 位置发生得更快,因为 ortho 和 para carbocation 中间体更稳定。它们有更多的共振形式,包括由氧的非键合电子稳定的共振形式。

没有非共享电子对的基团通过感应效应提供电子。

例如,在甲苯的硝化过程中,参与邻位对位取代的碳阳离子中间体比 meta 更稳定。叔碳上的正电荷被甲基的献电子感应效应稳定。

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邻对位定向 电子供体 亲电芳烃取代 共振稳定 感应效应 碳阳离子中间体 苯酚硝化 烷基取代基

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