-1::1
Simple Hit Counter
Skip to content

Products

Solutions

×
×
Sign In

CN

EN - EnglishCN - 简体中文DE - DeutschES - EspañolKR - 한국어IT - ItalianoFR - FrançaisPT - Português do BrasilPL - PolskiHE - עִבְרִיתRU - РусскийJA - 日本語TR - TürkçeAR - العربية
Sign In Start Free Trial

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal

Peer reviewed scientific video journal

Behavior
Biochemistry
Bioengineering
Biology
Cancer Research
Chemistry
Developmental Biology
View All
JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Video encyclopedia of advanced research methods

Biological Techniques
Biology
Cancer Research
Immunology
Neuroscience
Microbiology
JoVE Visualize

Visualizing science through experiment videos

EDUCATION

JoVE Core

Video textbooks for undergraduate courses

Analytical Chemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Biology
Cell Biology
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
View All
JoVE Science Education

Visual demonstrations of key scientific experiments

Advanced Biology
Basic Biology
Chemistry
View All
JoVE Lab Manual

Videos of experiments for undergraduate lab courses

Biology
Chemistry

BUSINESS

JoVE Business

Video textbooks for business education

Accounting
Finance
Macroeconomics
Marketing
Microeconomics

OTHERS

JoVE Quiz

Interactive video based quizzes for formative assessments

Authors

Teaching Faculty

Librarians

K12 Schools

Products

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal

Peer reviewed scientific video journal

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Video encyclopedia of advanced research methods

JoVE Visualize

Visualizing science through experiment videos

EDUCATION

JoVE Core

Video textbooks for undergraduates

JoVE Science Education

Visual demonstrations of key scientific experiments

JoVE Lab Manual

Videos of experiments for undergraduate lab courses

BUSINESS

JoVE Business

Video textbooks for business education

OTHERS

JoVE Quiz

Interactive video based quizzes for formative assessments

Solutions

Authors
Teaching Faculty
Librarians
K12 Schools

Language

zh_CN

EN

English

CN

简体中文

DE

Deutsch

ES

Español

KR

한국어

IT

Italiano

FR

Français

PT

Português do Brasil

PL

Polski

HE

עִבְרִית

RU

Русский

JA

日本語

TR

Türkçe

AR

العربية

    Menu

    JoVE Journal

    Behavior

    Biochemistry

    Bioengineering

    Biology

    Cancer Research

    Chemistry

    Developmental Biology

    Engineering

    Environment

    Genetics

    Immunology and Infection

    Medicine

    Neuroscience

    Menu

    JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

    Biological Techniques

    Biology

    Cancer Research

    Immunology

    Neuroscience

    Microbiology

    Menu

    JoVE Core

    Analytical Chemistry

    Anatomy and Physiology

    Biology

    Cell Biology

    Chemistry

    Civil Engineering

    Electrical Engineering

    Introduction to Psychology

    Mechanical Engineering

    Medical-Surgical Nursing

    View All

    Menu

    JoVE Science Education

    Advanced Biology

    Basic Biology

    Chemistry

    Clinical Skills

    Engineering

    Environmental Sciences

    Physics

    Psychology

    View All

    Menu

    JoVE Lab Manual

    Biology

    Chemistry

    Menu

    JoVE Business

    Accounting

    Finance

    Macroeconomics

    Marketing

    Microeconomics

Start Free Trial
Loading...
Home
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
二取代苯衍生物的定位效应和空间效应
二取代苯衍生物的定位效应和空间效应
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.  Sign in or start your free trial.
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

18.17: 二取代苯衍生物的定位效应和空间效应

3,736 Views
01:18 min
April 30, 2023
AI Banner

Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

当二取代苯发生亲电取代时,产物分布取决于两个取代基的定位效应。 当两个取代基的定位效应相互增强时,就会得到单一产物。 例如, 对 硝基甲苯的溴化发生在甲基的邻位和硝基的间位,两者位置相同,产生单一产物。 然而,如果两个基团的定位效应彼此相反,则活性更强的基团会引导取代基位置。 例如,在对甲基苯酚的硝化中,更强的活化剂——羟基——引导其邻位取代。 具有相似活化特性的取代基提供了产物的混合物。 位阻效应也有助于确定产物分布。 例如,对叔丁基甲苯的硝化发生在受阻较小的位置——甲基的邻位。 同样,取代通常不会发生在间位二取代环中的两个基团之间。

Transcript

二取代苯环的亲电取代取决于各个取代基的导向效应。

如果取代基的定向效应相互增强,则取代得到单一产物。

例如,对硝基甲苯的溴化反应指向相同的位置——与甲基邻位,与硝基邻位,得到单一产物。

或者,如果取代基的定向效应竞争,则更强大的激活基团占主导地位。

例如,对甲基苯酚的硝化发生在羟基的邻位,因为它是比甲基更强的活化剂。

具有相似活化性质的取代基得到产物混合物。

空间效应在决定产品分布方面也起着重要作用。

例如,对叔丁基甲苯的硝化发生在受阻较少的位置 - 与甲基邻位。

值得注意的是,由于空间位阻,在间位取代环中的两个基团之间取代不是首选的。例如,间氯甲苯的硝化。

Explore More Videos

二取代苯二烯 亲电取代 定向效应 空间位阻效应 产物分布 硝化 溴化 活化基团 邻位 间位 取代基 对硝基甲苯 对甲基苯酚 对叔丁基甲苯

Related Videos

苯衍生物的 NMR 波谱

01:34

苯衍生物的 NMR 波谱

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

10.5K 浏览

苄基位置的反应:氧化和还原

00:59

苄基位置的反应:氧化和还原

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

4.7K 浏览

苄基位置的反应:卤化

01:11

苄基位置的反应:卤化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

3.3K 浏览

亲电芳烃取代:概述

01:16

亲电芳烃取代:概述

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

13.2K 浏览

亲电芳烃取代:苯的氯化和溴化

01:15

亲电芳烃取代:苯的氯化和溴化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

10.2K 浏览

亲电芳香取代:苯的氟化和碘化

01:13

亲电芳香取代:苯的氟化和碘化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.2K 浏览

亲电芳烃取代:苯的硝化

01:20

亲电芳烃取代:苯的硝化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.8K 浏览

亲电芳烃取代:苯磺化

01:22

亲电芳烃取代:苯磺化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.5K 浏览

亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化

01:17

亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.7K 浏览

亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特酰化

01:11

亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特酰化

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

8.4K 浏览

Friedel-Crafts 反应的局限性

01:26

Friedel-Crafts 反应的局限性

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

6.5K 浏览

取代基的定向效应:<em>邻位</em>-<em>对位</em>定向群

01:14

取代基的定向效应:<em>邻位</em>-<em>对位</em>定向群

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.9K 浏览

取代基的定向效应:<em>元</em>定向群

01:09

取代基的定向效应:<em>元</em>定向群

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

5.6K 浏览

<em>邻位</em>对位定向激活剂: –CH<sub>3</sub>, –OH, –&NoBreak;NH<sub>2</sub>, –OCH<sub>3</sub><em></em>

01:11

<em>邻位</em>对位定向激活剂: –CH<sub>3</sub>, –OH, –&NoBreak;NH<sub>2</sub>, –OCH<sub>3</sub><em></em>

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

7.1K 浏览

<em>邻位</em><em>对位</em>钝化剂:卤素

01:24

<em>邻位</em><em>对位</em>钝化剂:卤素

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

6.4K 浏览

<em>元</em>定向钝化剂: –NO<sub>2</sub>, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO<sub>2</sub>R, –COR, –<sub>CO 2</sub>H

01:13

<em>元</em>定向钝化剂: –NO<sub>2</sub>, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO<sub>2</sub>R, –COR, –<sub>CO 2</sub>H

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

6.4K 浏览

二取代苯衍生物中的定向效应和空间效应

01:18

二取代苯衍生物中的定向效应和空间效应

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

3.7K 浏览

亲核芳香族取代:加成-消除 (S<sub>N</sub>Ar)

01:30

亲核芳香族取代:加成-消除 (S<sub>N</sub>Ar)

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

4.5K 浏览

亲核芳香族取代:消除 - 加成

01:11

亲核芳香族取代:消除 - 加成

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

4.9K 浏览

芳基重氮盐的亲核芳香族取代:芳香族<sub>S n</sub>1

01:14

芳基重氮盐的亲核芳香族取代:芳香族<sub>S n</sub>1

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

2.5K 浏览

苯还原为环己烷:催化加氢

01:28

苯还原为环己烷:催化加氢

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

5.5K 浏览

苯制 1,4-环己二烯:桦木还原机理

01:18

苯制 1,4-环己二烯:桦木还原机理

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

2.5K 浏览

氯苯水解制苯酚:陶氏工艺

01:10

氯苯水解制苯酚:陶氏工艺

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

3.7K 浏览

苯通过异丙苯制苯酚:Hock 工艺

01:27

苯通过异丙苯制苯酚:Hock 工艺

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

4.0K 浏览

酚类氧化成醌

01:17

酚类氧化成醌

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

4.2K 浏览

JoVE logo
Contact Us Recommend to Library
Research
  • JoVE Journal
  • JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments
  • JoVE Visualize
Business
  • JoVE Business
Education
  • JoVE Core
  • JoVE Science Education
  • JoVE Lab Manual
  • JoVE Quizzes
Solutions
  • Authors
  • Teaching Faculty
  • Librarians
  • K12 Schools
About JoVE
  • Overview
  • Leadership
Others
  • JoVE Newsletters
  • JoVE Help Center
  • Blogs
  • Site Maps
Contact Us Recommend to Library
JoVE logo

Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved

Privacy Terms of Use Policies
WeChat QR code