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当二取代苯发生亲电取代时,产物分布取决于两个取代基的定位效应。 当两个取代基的定位效应相互增强时,就会得到单一产物。 例如, 对 硝基甲苯的溴化发生在甲基的邻位和硝基的间位,两者位置相同,产生单一产物。 然而,如果两个基团的定位效应彼此相反,则活性更强的基团会引导取代基位置。 例如,在对甲基苯酚的硝化中,更强的活化剂——羟基——引导其邻位取代。 具有相似活化特性的取代基提供了产物的混合物。 位阻效应也有助于确定产物分布。 例如,对叔丁基甲苯的硝化发生在受阻较小的位置——甲基的邻位。 同样,取代通常不会发生在间位二取代环中的两个基团之间。
二取代苯环的亲电取代取决于各个取代基的导向效应。
如果取代基的定向效应相互增强,则取代得到单一产物。
例如,对硝基甲苯的溴化反应指向相同的位置——与甲基邻位,与硝基邻位,得到单一产物。
或者,如果取代基的定向效应竞争,则更强大的激活基团占主导地位。
例如,对甲基苯酚的硝化发生在羟基的邻位,因为它是比甲基更强的活化剂。
具有相似活化性质的取代基得到产物混合物。
空间效应在决定产品分布方面也起着重要作用。
例如,对叔丁基甲苯的硝化发生在受阻较少的位置 - 与甲基邻位。
值得注意的是,由于空间位阻,在间位取代环中的两个基团之间取代不是首选的。例如,间氯甲苯的硝化。
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