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与烯烃双键容易催化氢化不同,苯双键在类似反应条件下的氢化并不容易发生。 例如,在二苯乙烯的还原中,苯环不受影响,而烯烃键被还原。 烯烃双键的氢化是放热的并且是有利的过程。 相反,为了氢化苯的第一个不饱和键,需要输入能量; 也就是说,该过程是吸热的。 这是因为环的共振稳定性,这使得环特别稳定,键对常规氢化条件呈惰性。 苯环的氢化需要极端的温度和压力条件,并使用特定的催化剂。 例如,在 100 atm 和 150 °C 下,使用三摩尔氢气和镍催化剂,可以将苯还原为环己烷。 中间体环己二烯和环己烯具有很高的反应活性,无法分离,因为它们比苯的反应活性更高。 对于二取代苯,催化氢化产生cis和trans异构体的混合物。
回想一下,烯烃双键的催化氢化发生在正常反应条件下。然而,在类似条件下,苯双键不会被还原。
这在二苯乙烯的加氢中得到了说明,在正常条件下,只有烯烃键被选择性还原,而苯环不受影响。
烯烃双键的氢化是放热的,而苯中的第一个不饱和键的氢化是吸热过程。这是因为苯环通过共振高度稳定并抵抗氢化。
如果使用极端的温度和压力条件以及特定的催化剂,苯环的氢化成为可能。
例如,还原苯双键得到环己烷环需要在 100 个大气压和 150 °C 下使用 3 摩尔氢和一个镍催化剂。
反应通过高反应性中间体进行,这些中间体的反应性远高于苯,因此无法分离。
苯经历逐步加氢,第一步的 ΔH° 为正。这就解释了为什么需要极端的反应条件才能将苯完全还原为环己烷。
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