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Cell Biology
共价连接的蛋白调节剂
共价连接的蛋白调节剂
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

6.8: 共价连接的蛋白调节剂

1,884 Views
02:04 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

蛋白可以经历多种类型的翻译后修饰,通常是为了响应环境的变化。 这些修饰对这些蛋白的功能和稳定性起着重要作用。 共价连接的分子包括官能团,例如甲基、乙酰基和磷酸基团,以及小蛋白,例如泛素。 已鉴定出大约 200 种不同类型的共价调节剂。

这些基团修饰蛋白中的特定氨基酸。 磷酸基团只能与氨基酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸共价连接,而甲基和乙酰基只能与赖氨酸连接。 这些基团通过一种酶或一对酶添加到蛋白中或从蛋白中去除。 例如,乙酰转移酶将乙酰基添加到蛋白上,而脱乙酰酶可以将其去除。 根据修饰的数量和位置,这些修饰剂中的每一种都可以对其所附着的蛋白产生不同的影响。 当单个泛素分子与某种细胞表面受体共价连接时,该蛋白就被靶向进行内吞作用; 另一方面,当多个连接在一起的泛素附着在该蛋白上时,它被标记为蛋白水解降解的目标。

单个蛋白可以同时进行多种修饰以控制其功能。 受多重共价修饰调节的蛋白的一个众所周知的例子是肿瘤抑制蛋白 p53。 p53 会经历各种修饰以应对各种类型的压力,包括辐射和致癌物质。 一些修饰包括响应紫外线和伽马辐射的磷酸化、乙酰化和苏酰化。 修改的位点和类型可能因压力源而异。 研究表明,紫外线和伽马辐射可导致丝氨酸 33 磷酸化,但丝氨酸 392 在暴露于紫外线而非伽马辐射时可被磷酸化。 其他类型的压力,例如暴露于缺氧、抗代谢物和放线菌素 D,可能会导致 p53 乙酰化。 不同细胞类型和生物体之间的修饰也可能有所不同。

Transcript

许多蛋白质受到调节 通过共价连接分子 包括功能组,如甲基或乙酰基 部分和小 蛋白质,例如泛素。共价键发生 在特定氨基酸上 在多肽链中。例如磷酸盐 组是共价的 与丝氨酸有关,苏氨酸或酪氨酸。甲基和乙酰基 与赖氨酸有关。泛素与 赖氨酸,胱氨酸,丝氨酸,或苏氨酸残基。一种酶或一对 可逆酶 催化这些 翻译后 修改。和乙酰转移酶 可以使蛋白质乙酰化 而二乙酰酶可以 稍后删除组。这些修改可以 改变蛋白质的功能 或细胞中的定位。例如,乙酰化 组蛋白的数量 调节基因表达 通过打开DNA结构 激活基因转录。组蛋白的甲基化 另一方面,蛋白质 众所周知会压制 抄写 通过收紧结构。另一个例子是p53,多种主要肿瘤抑制物 经历的蛋白质 几个共价修饰 应对压力。接触DNA破坏剂,例如紫外线和伽玛射线 可能导致磷酸化 蛋白质。磷酸化改善 稳定并激活p53 使其与DNA结合 被辐射损坏 并防止细胞 DNA突变 不受控制地分裂。除了磷酸化 不同种类 发生的修改 在单一蛋白质上 分子,例如p53,允许 精确控制 它的功能,例如 细胞周期停滞,DNA 细胞的修复和凋亡。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Post-Translational Modification - Covalent modifications made to proteins after synthesis.
  • Covalently Linked Proteins - Proteins that have been chemically bonded together.
  • Protein Degradation - The process by which proteins are broken down in cells.
  • Covalent Regulation - Control of protein function by adding/removing chemical groups.
  • Ubiquitination - A post-translational modification involving the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Post-Translational Modification - The changes made to proteins after they are synthesized (e.g., covalently linked).
  • Contrast Pre and Post-Translational Modification - Understand the differences and unique functions (e.g., covalent regulation vs ubiquitination).
  • Explore Examples - How proteins are targeted for degradation (e.g., ubiquitination).
  • Explain the Process - How post-translational modifications regulate protein functions.
  • Apply in Context - How post-translational modifications impact biological systems.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is Post-Translational Modification and why is it important?
  • What are the different types of Post-Translational Modifications?
  • How does Post-Translational Modification regulate protein function?

This video is also useful for

  • Students - Grasp the complex nature of protein structure and function.
  • Educators - Provides a detailed overview of an advanced topic in molecular biology.
  • Researchers - Essential understanding for genetic research and drug discovery efforts.
  • Science Enthusiasts - Delve into the intricacies of protein regulation and modification.

Explore More Videos

共价连接的蛋白质调节因子 官能团 甲基部分 乙酰基部分 泛素 共价键 氨基酸 多肽链 翻译后修饰 乙酰转移酶 脱乙酰酶 组蛋白 基因表达 甲基化 p53 蛋白 磷酸化 DNA 损伤

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