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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
共价连接的蛋白质调节因子
共价连接的蛋白质调节因子
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

6.8: 共价连接的蛋白质调节因子

1,825 Views
02:04 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

蛋白质可以经历多种类型的翻译后修饰,通常是响应其环境的变化。这些修饰在这些蛋白质的功能和稳定性中起着重要作用。共价连接的分子包括官能团,如甲基、乙酰基和磷酸基团,以及小蛋白,如泛素。已鉴定出大约 200 种不同类型的共价调节因子。

这些基团修饰蛋白质中的特定氨基酸。磷酸基团只能共价连接到氨基酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸上,而甲基和乙酰基只能与赖氨酸连接。这些基团通过一种酶或一对酶添加到蛋白质中或从蛋白质中去除。例如,乙酰转移酶向蛋白质中添加乙酰基, 脱乙酰酶可以去除它。这些修饰剂中的每一种都会对其所连接的蛋白质产生不同的影响,具体取决于修饰的数量和位置。当单个泛素分子与某种细胞表面受体共价连接时,该蛋白质以内吞作用为目标;另一方面,当多个连接在一起的泛素附着在该蛋白质上时,它被标记为蛋白水解降解的靶标。

单个蛋白质可以同时进行多次修饰以控制其功能。受多种共价修饰调节的蛋白质的一个众所周知的例子是肿瘤抑制蛋白 p53。p53 在各种类型的应激(包括辐射和致癌物)下经历各种修饰。一些修饰包括响应 UV 和 γ 辐射的磷酸化、乙酰化和 sumoylation。修改的部位和类型可能因压力源而异。研究表明,紫外线和γ 射线可导致丝氨酸 33 磷酸化,但丝氨酸 392 在暴露于紫外线时可被磷酸化,而非 γ 射线可被磷酸化。其他类型的压力,例如暴露于缺氧、抗代谢物和放线菌素 D,可导致 p53 乙酰化。不同的细胞类型和生物体之间的修饰也可能有所不同。

Transcript

许多蛋白质受共价连接的分子调节,包括官能团(如甲基或乙酰基部分)和小蛋白(如泛素)。

共价键发生在多肽链中的特定氨基酸上。例如,磷酸基团与丝氨酸、苏氨酸或酪氨酸共价连接;甲基和乙酰基与赖氨酸相连;泛素与赖氨酸、半胱氨酸、丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基有关。

一种酶或一对酶可逆地催化这些翻译后修饰。乙酰转移酶可以乙酰化蛋白质,而脱乙酰酶可以稍后去除该基团。

这些修饰可以改变蛋白质的功能或细胞中的定位。

例如,组蛋白的乙酰化通过打开 DNA 结构以激活基因转录来调节基因表达。另一方面,已知组蛋白的甲基化通过收紧结构来抑制转录。

另一个例子是 p53,这是一种多结构域肿瘤抑制蛋白,在应激下会经历多种共价修饰。暴露于 DNA 损伤剂(如紫外线和伽马射线)会导致蛋白质磷酸化。

磷酸化提高了稳定性并激活了 p53,使其与被辐射损伤的 DNA 结合,并防止 DNA 突变的细胞不受控制地分裂。

除了磷酸化之外,单个蛋白质分子(如 p53)上发生的不同类型的修饰使其能够精确控制其功能,例如细胞周期停滞、DNA 修复和细胞凋亡。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Post-Translational Modification - Covalent modifications made to proteins after synthesis.
  • Covalently Linked Proteins - Proteins that have been chemically bonded together.
  • Protein Degradation - The process by which proteins are broken down in cells.
  • Covalent Regulation - Control of protein function by adding/removing chemical groups.
  • Ubiquitination - A post-translational modification involving the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Post-Translational Modification - The changes made to proteins after they are synthesized (e.g., covalently linked).
  • Contrast Pre and Post-Translational Modification - Understand the differences and unique functions (e.g., covalent regulation vs ubiquitination).
  • Explore Examples - How proteins are targeted for degradation (e.g., ubiquitination).
  • Explain the Process - How post-translational modifications regulate protein functions.
  • Apply in Context - How post-translational modifications impact biological systems.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is Post-Translational Modification and why is it important?
  • What are the different types of Post-Translational Modifications?
  • How does Post-Translational Modification regulate protein function?

This video is also useful for

  • Students - Grasp the complex nature of protein structure and function.
  • Educators - Provides a detailed overview of an advanced topic in molecular biology.
  • Researchers - Essential understanding for genetic research and drug discovery efforts.
  • Science Enthusiasts - Delve into the intricacies of protein regulation and modification.

Explore More Videos

共价连接的蛋白质调节因子 官能团 甲基部分 乙酰基部分 泛素 共价键 氨基酸 多肽链 翻译后修饰 乙酰转移酶 脱乙酰酶 组蛋白 基因表达 甲基化 p53 蛋白 磷酸化 DNA 损伤

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