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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
亲电芳香取代:苯的氯化和溴化
亲电芳香取代:苯的氯化和溴化
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

18.5: 亲电芳香取代:苯的氯化和溴化

9,676 Views
01:15 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

氯化和溴化是重要的亲电芳香取代反应,其中苯在路易斯酸催化剂存在下与氯或溴反应,生成卤化取代产物。 路易斯酸如氯化铝或氯化铁催化氯化反应,而溴化铁催化溴化反应。 在烯烃的溴化过程中,溴极化并变得亲电。 然而,在苯的溴化过程中,溴分子通过向路易斯酸提供一对电子与溴化铁反应,从而形成极性更强的 Br-Br 键并形成更具反应性的亲电子试剂。

Figure1

苯攻击该亲电子试剂,生成共振稳定的芳烃离子。

Figure1

芳烃离子的质子转移形成溴苯,从而恢复芳香性并再生催化剂。

Figure1

苯的氯化反应机理与苯的溴化反应机理相同。

Transcript

氯化和溴化是亲电芳香族取代的重要类别,其中苯与氯或溴反应形成卤代取代产物。

这些反应由路易斯酸催化,如用于氯化的氯化铝或氯化铁和用于溴化的溴化铁。

回想一下,在烯烃的溴化过程中,溴会极化并变成亲电。然而,苯的溴化需要更强的亲电试剂——路易斯酸催化剂有助于实现这一点。

溴化机制从路易斯酸碱反应开始,其中溴与溴化铁反应形成络合物,该络合物具有足够的亲电性,可以与苯反应。

接下来,亲电试剂与苯的π电子反应,形成谐振稳定的铠离子。

最后,铵离子的去质子化形成溴苯,恢复芳香性并再生催化剂。

苯在三氯化铁存在下氯化遵循类似的机制。

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亲电芳烃取代 氯化 溴化 苯 路易斯酸催化剂 氯化铝 氯化铁 溴化铁 亲电 铵离子 共振稳定化 溴苯 质子转移 机理

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