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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
自由基链增长聚合:链支化
自由基链增长聚合:链支化
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

21.10: 自由基链增长聚合:链支化

2,240 Views
01:17 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

通过自由基聚合合成的聚合物的骨架结构总是支化的。 例如,通过自由基聚合进行乙烯聚合产生具有重支化骨架结构的低密度级聚乙烯。 在这里,自由基位点从生长链中提取氢,并且自由基位点从末端(初级碳中心)转移到生长链内的任何位置(次级碳中心)。 因此,从提取位点到链末端的部分链成为分支。

在分子间夺氢过程中,自由基位点从另一个正在生长的聚合物链中夺取氢并终止其链生长。 一条新的分支在氢被去除的另一条链上生长。 图 1 展示了分子间夺氢以及随后从聚合物链中部开始的链增长。

Figure1

图 1:分子间夺氢(顶部)以及随后将新形成的自由基位点添加到单体(底部)。

自由基位点在分子内夺氢过程中从同一生长链中夺取氢。 分支的长度取决于自由基位点和夺取位点之间的距离。 由于相对稳定的六元过渡态,类似于环己烷的椅式构象,分子内1,5-氢的夺取经常发生。 所得的丁基支链通常存在于支化聚合物中。 图2显示了分子内夺氢和丁基支链的形成。

Figure2

图 2:分子内夺氢(顶部)以及随后在单体上添加新形成的自由基位点(底部)。

一般来说,分子内夺氢的可能性比分子间夺氢的可能性更大。 此外,短链支化比长链支化更常见,因为链的末端更容易接近。

Transcript

自由基链生长聚合总是导致支链聚合物。例如,乙烯的自由基聚合产生具有重支链的低密度聚乙烯。

在自由基聚合过程中,高反应性自由基可以从非自由基碳中提取氢。这种抽象可以是分子内(即来自同一聚合物链)或分子间(即来自另一条生长或终止的链)。

如果氢提取发生在终止链上或远离自由基位点的α碳的生长链上的任何位置,则传播位点从提取链的末端转移到聚合物链内的该点。这会导致链分支。

提取位点与链的最近端之间的距离决定了聚合物链中分支的大小。

在分子内链支化中,1,5-氢萃取受到青睐,因为它具有相对稳定的六元过渡态,类似于环己烷的椅子构象。因此,所得聚合物具有丁基支链。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Radical Polymerization – This refers to an example of polymerization that results in a branched structure.
  • Branched Polymer – This is the skeletal structure of polymers, derived from radical polymerization, which is heavily branched.
  • Hydrogen Abstraction – The process by which hydrogen is removed from a growing polymer chain, causing the formation of a new branch.
  • Monomer – The raw material or building block that joins together to form a polymer.
  • Chains in Polymer – These refer to the successive sequence of monomers in polymers.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Radical Polymerization – It's a process causing branched structure (e.g., branched polymer).
  • Contrast Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction – These are two processes where the former results in termination of chain growth and the latter results in branch formation (e.g., butyl branch).
  • Explore Polymer Branching – It's a scenario where a polymer chain forms branches (e.g., branching in chemistry).
  • Explain Chain Growth Mechanism in Polymers – It discuses the way polymers grow in length.
  • Apply Branching Concept in Polymers – This relates to the formations of branches on the chain of polymers.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • How is a branched polymer formed through radical polymerization?
  • What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen abstraction?
  • What effect does branching have on the structure of polymers?

This video is also useful for

  • Students - Understanding Chain Growth Polymerization enhances comprehension of complex chemical processes.
  • Educators – Comprehensive view about Polymer Branching aids in teaching about polymers.
  • Researchers - Study of Radial Polymerization provides valuable data for polymer science.
  • Science Enthusiasts - Knowledge about Intramolecular Abstraction adds value to the understanding of chemical processes.

Explore More Videos

自由基聚合 链支化 低密度聚乙烯 氢提取 分子间氢提取 分子内氢提取 聚合物链 骨架结构 丁基支化 过渡态 环己烷 短链支化 长链支化

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