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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
逐步生长聚合物的类型:聚酯
逐步生长聚合物的类型:聚酯
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

21.17: 逐步生长聚合物的类型:聚酯

2,454 Views
01:20 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

聚酯的引入给纺织工业带来了重大发展。 聚酯混纺材料的防皱性能消除了对衣服上浆和熨烫的需要。

聚酯通常由对苯二甲酸和乙二醇制备; 粗产品称为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或 PET。 然而,工业上聚酯是通过对苯二甲酸二甲酯与乙二醇在150℃下进行酯交换反应来合成的。 两种反应物和聚合物PET在此温度下不挥发,但副产物甲醇从反应中蒸发,从而推动反应完成。

对于 PET 合成,乙二醇是通过乙烯空气氧化为环氧乙烷而获得,环氧乙烷水解后生成乙二醇。 对苯二甲酸是通过对二甲苯氧化制备的。

Figure1

粗 PET 可以纺成涤纶纤维,在纺织工业中最常用作服装材料。 它还可以制作成薄膜,称为聚酯薄膜。 这些薄膜用于制备磁记录带。 光盘中使用较厚的聚酯薄膜。 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯也可以吹塑来制造用于软饮料的塑料瓶。

一些聚酯不稳定,因为它们在水性介质中会水解。 此类聚酯适用于需要缓慢降解的应用。 例如,乙醇酸和乳酸的共聚物被外科医生用于可溶解缝合线中。 共聚物在几周内水解成起始材料,并在体内代谢。

Figure2

Transcript

其中

单体通过酯键连接在一起的聚合物称为聚酯。

通常,二羧酸和二醇经过逐步缩合以产生聚酯。

例如,对苯二甲酸和乙二醇经过 Fischer 酯化并失去水分,形成聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET)。

PET 也可以由对苯二甲酸二甲酯和乙二醇通过酯交换工艺制备,并损失甲醇。

粗 PET 可以吹塑成型制成软饮料瓶,纺成涤纶纤维,或浇铸成聚酯薄膜。

涤纶纤维因其重量轻、强度高和防潮等特性而广泛用于纺织工业。

聚酯薄膜用于制造磁性记录磁带,因为它坚固、柔韧且耐紫外线降解。

Kodel 是通过对苯二甲酸二甲酯和 1,4-二(羟甲基)环己烷的酯交换反应制备的另一种聚酯。

一般与羊毛或棉花混纺使用,以减少挺度。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Polyester Polymerization - Synthesis process where polyesters are made from reactions.
  • Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - Commonly known as PET, a type of polyester used in various applications.
  • Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic Acid reaction - Key process for producing PET.
  • Dacron - A popular example of a polyester used particularly in textiles.
  • Hydrolysis of Polyesters - Decomposition process of some polyesters in aqueous medium, facilitating slow degradation.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Polyester Polymerization – Understand the process and its implications (e.g., polyester polymerization).
  • Contrast PET vs Dacron – Know the differences and uses of these two common polyesters (e.g., PET and Dacron).
  • Explore Polar and Non-polar Polymers – Learn about how different polymer types, such as polar and non-polar, behave (e.g., Polyester vs Nylon).
  • Explain the Step Growth Polymerization Process – Understand how polymers grow incrementally through a step-by-step reaction.
  • Apply Understanding of Polyester to Real-life Context – Understand how knowledge about polyesters can be applied to real-world scenarios, like the textile industry.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is polyester polymerization and how does it work?
  • What are the products of the reaction between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid?
  • What are the uses of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand How polyester polymerization supports scientific learning
  • Educators – Provides a clear framework for teaching polymer science
  • Researchers – Polyester research is relevant for material science and industrial application
  • Textile Enthusiasts – Offers insights into materials used in the textile industry

Explore More Videos

阶梯生长聚合物 聚酯 纺织工业 对苯二甲酸 乙二醇 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 PET合成 酯交换 涤纶纤维 聚酯薄膜 水解 共聚物 乙醇酸 乳酸 可溶性缝合线

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