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Home
JoVE Core
Analytical Chemistry
原子核:核自旋
原子核:核自旋
JoVE Core
Analytical Chemistry
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JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

7.2: 原子核:核自旋

4,285 Views
01:08 min
April 4, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

所有原子粒子都具有固有的角动量或"自旋"。电子、质子和中子的自旋值为 1/2,尽管由于能量因子,原子核中的质子和中子可能具有更高的半整数自旋。

原子核具有净核自旋,Equation1,它可以有整数或半整数值。在原子核中,质子的自旋彼此配对,但不与中子配对,反之亦然。因此,偶数个质子对核自旋值没有贡献,中子也是如此。

碳 12 和氧 16 的原子核包含偶数个质子和中子,并且净核自旋为零 (Equation1 = 0)。当原子核包含奇数个质子(例如,氚)或中子(例如,碳 13)时,由于核子不成对,核自旋是半整数。包含奇数个中子和质子的原子核具有非零整数自旋。所有具有非零自旋的原子核都具有 NMR 活性。

自旋值大于 1/2 的原子核称为四极原子核。超过三分之二的天然 NMR 活性原子核是四极原子(例如氮 14、氧 17、硫 33、硼 11 和氯 35)。四极原子核具有非球形电荷分布,导致不对称的电场和磁场,从而导致宽信号和复杂的 NMR 行为。因此,具有球形电荷分布和对称场的自旋半核是 NMR 研究的首选。

Transcript

所有原子粒子都具有固有的角动量或"自旋"。电子、质子和中子的自旋值均为二分之一。

与电子不同,原子核中的质子和中子可能具有更高的自旋,但值始终为半整数。

原子核中的所有粒子都对整体核自旋 I 有贡献。

在原子核中,质子与质子配对,中子与中子配对。成对粒子对原子核的净自旋贡献为零。因此,具有非零自旋的原子核至少有一个不成对的粒子。

如果质子或中子的数量是奇数,则由于质子或中子不成对,核自旋是半整数。

同样,如果中子和质子的数量都是奇数,则核自旋是一个非零整数。

尽管所有具有非零自旋的原子核都具有 NMR 活性,但具有球形电荷分布和对称场的自旋半原子核是 NMR 研究的首选。

Explore More Videos

原子核 核自旋 内禀角动量 自旋值 质子 中子 成对自旋 净核自旋 NMR活性核 四极原子核 电荷分布 复杂NMR行为

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