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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
受体酪氨酸激酶
受体酪氨酸激酶
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

23.1: 受体酪氨酸激酶

18,252 Views
01:26 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)是膜结合受体,可磷酸化蛋白质底物上的特定酪氨酸。RTK 调节细胞生长、分化、存活和迁移。它们含有胞外配体结合结构域、跨膜结构域和具有内在激酶活性的胞质尾部。几种细胞外信号分子以一种或多种方式激活 RTK 并向下游传递信号。具有两个受体结合位点的配体,如血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)或集落刺激因子-1(CSF-1),可以同时结合RTKs并诱导配体介导的二聚化。

相反,表皮生长因子 (EGF) 和其他一些配体通过受体介导的二聚化激活 RTKs。具有单一受体结合位点的单体配体结合 RTKs 并诱导 RTK 胞外结构域的构象变化。这暴露了受体二聚化界面并加速了受体介导的二聚化。

受体二聚化将细胞质激酶结构域相互靠近。 它诱导反式自磷酸化,其中一个单体的激酶结构域磷酸化第二个 RTK 细胞质尾部激活环上的酪氨酸,反之亦然。 一旦磷酸化,激活环就会被拉开并稳定在暴露底物蛋白结合区域和 ATP 入口的位置。这会激活激酶结构域,使 RTK 能够磷酸化细胞内信号蛋白。例如,具有 Src 同源性 2 (SH2) 或磷酸酪氨酸结合 (PTB) 结构域的蛋白质与 RTKs 上的特定磷酸酪氨酸残基结合,从而被 RTKs 磷酸化和激活。

RTKs 上的磷酸酪氨酸也会诱导 RTK 的抑制。它们是 Cbl 的结合位点,Cbl 是一种含有 SH2 结构域的蛋白质,可引起泛素介导的受体降解,从而关闭 RTK 信号传导。

Transcript

受体酪氨酸激酶或 RTK 是结合配体(通常是生长因子)的细胞表面受体,并催化磷酸盐从 ATP 转移到蛋白质底物中的酪氨酸残基。通过这种方式,RTK 通过细胞传递分子信号以调节生长、分化和迁移。

在与配体结合之前,RTK 保持单体和非活性。配体结合通过不同的机制激活 RTK。

在配体诱导的二聚化中,二聚体配体同时与两个 RTK 结合,使它们更接近。

在受体介导的二聚化中,单体配体结合每个 RTK 并诱导构象变化,将两个受体交联在一起。

二聚化后,一个 RTK 在称为反式自磷酸化的过程中磷酸化另一个 RTK 上的酪氨酸残基。

磷酸化酪氨酸残基现在可以结合包含 Src 同源 2 或 SH2 结构域,或磷酸化酪氨酸结合或 PTB 结构域的靶蛋白。

RTK 磷酸化这些结构域,以将信号进一步传递到下游。

Explore More Videos

受体酪氨酸激酶 RTK 磷酸化 配体结合结构域 跨膜结构域 胞质尾部 内源激酶活性 细胞外信号分子 血小板衍生生长因子 集落刺激因子-1 受体介导的二聚化 单体配体 反式自磷酸化 Src 同源 2 磷酸化酪氨酸结合 信号蛋白 Cbl 蛋白 泛素介导的降解

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