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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
MAPK 信号级联
MAPK 信号级联
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
MAPK Signaling Cascades

23.3: MAPK 信号级联

8,584 Views
01:07 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK )途径通过激活三个连续的激酶来调节细胞反应,例如增殖、分化、存活和凋亡。典型的 MAPK 途径始于有丝分裂原或生长因子与 RTK 的结合。激活的 RTK 会刺激 Ras,Ras 会招募 Raf 或 MAP3 激酶 (MAPKKK),这是 MAPK 信号级联的第一个激酶。Raf 进一步磷酸化并激活 MEK 或 MAP2 激酶 (MAPKK),后者又磷酸化 MAP 激酶(级联的最终激酶)。现在,激活的 MAP 激酶磷酸化下游底物,包括转录因子,并促进基因表达变化以引发适当的细胞反应。哺乳动物中的三种 MAPK 途径是:

  1. ERK(细胞外信号调节激酶)。
  2. JNK(Jun 氨基末端激酶)。
  3. P38/SAPK(应激激活蛋白激酶)。

当生长因子或有丝分裂原结合并激活 RTK、GPCRs 或整合素以启动细胞生长和分化时,经典的 ERK 途径就会被激活。辐射、氧化应激和 DNA 损伤等环境压力会诱导 JNK 家族激活并导致细胞死亡和炎症。另外,P38 通路也会因环境压力和细胞因子而被激活,促进炎症、细胞死亡、细胞分化和细胞周期调节。

真核生物使用所有三种 MAP 激酶模块并在细胞中引起不同的反应。在支架的帮助下,它们通常共享相同的激酶并激活不同的效应蛋白,而信号通路之间不会发生串扰。支架蛋白将传入信号引导至正确的 MAPK 模块,确保信号特异性,从而引发适当的响应。支架蛋白还通过将蛋白复合物定位或定向在其底物附近来增强信号转导。例如,一旦 Ras 被激活,Ras 的激酶抑制因子或 KSR 蛋白就会将 MEK1/2 招募到质膜并将其放置在 Raf 旁边,从而激活下游蛋白 ERK1 和 ERK2。KSR 是一种途径特异性支架蛋白,可避免并行出现的 MAPK 模块之间的串扰。接头蛋白、底物和相关激酶的定位的综合作用增强了信号传递。激活的MAP激酶磷酸化其细胞质底物,或转运至细胞核激活c-Jun和c-Fos等转录因子,最终触发cyclin D1基因并促进细胞周期进程。

Transcript

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶或 MAPK 通路在 RTK 下游传递信号以激活转录因子。

在 Ras-MAPK 信号通路中,该通路的初始激酶 Raf 结合 14-3-3 蛋白二聚体,在胞质溶胶中保持无活性。

RTK 上的有丝分裂原结合激活 Ras GTP,然后结合 Raf/14-3-3 复合物。

Raf 上多个位点的磷酸化会分解复合物,使 Raf 与附近的磷酸化单体二聚化。

二聚体 Raf 现在磷酸化并激活另一种激酶 MEK ,而 MEK 又磷酸化级联反应的最终激酶 ERK。

激活的 ERK 被转运到细胞核以磷酸化转录因子(如 c-Jun 和 c-Fos),并启动细胞增殖、存活、分化或细胞凋亡等细胞过程。

Explore More Videos

MAPK 信号传导 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 细胞反应 增殖 分化 细胞凋亡 RTK Ras Raf MEK MAP 激酶 转录因子 ERK 通路 JNK 通路 P38 通路 支架蛋白 信号转导 KSR 蛋白

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