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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
JAK-STAT 信号通路
JAK-STAT 信号通路
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

23.4: JAK-STAT 信号通路

13,139 Views
01:20 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

一些细胞因子受体与附着在其胞质尾部的 Janus 激酶(JAK )蛋白紧密结合。小信号分子如细胞因子、生长激素或催乳素与细胞因子受体结合并启动其二聚化。二聚化将胞质中的 JAKs 聚集在一起,进行反式磷酸化并相互激活。接下来,激活的 JAK 磷酸化细胞因子受体的胞质尾部,这些尾部作为结合位点与适配蛋白结合,例如包含 SH2 结构域的信号传导及转录激活蛋 (STAT)。七种类型的 STAT 转录因子(STAT1、STAT2、STAT3、STAT4、STAT5a、STAT5b 和 STAT6)与哺乳动物细胞反应相关。STATs 由 N 端 DNA 结合结构域、SH2 结构域和带有保守酪氨酸残基的 C 端结构域组成。

未磷酸化的 STATs 处于非活性状态并停留在细胞质中。一旦它们与活化的细胞因子受体的磷酸酪氨酸残基结合,JAK就会磷酸化STAT的C端酪氨酸残基。磷酸化 STATs 发生构象变化并与受体分离。两个磷酸化 STAT 单体现在可以通过其 SH2 结构域形成二聚体。当它们移动到细胞核中,与基因的特定顺式调控序列结合并启动转录时,二聚化会暴露核定位信号(NLS)。

JAK-STAT 信号传导对于各种细胞过程至关重要。例如,促红细胞生成素 (Epo) 与红细胞祖细胞上的 EpoR 受体结合会激活 STAT5 蛋白。激活的 STAT5 会诱导 Bcl-xL 的表达,Bcl-xL 是一种抗凋亡蛋白,可防止程序性细胞死亡或凋亡,同时促进红细胞生成和不可逆分化。

一旦引发适当的反应,JAK-STAT 通路就会被以下三种机制之一关闭:

  1. 细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白 (SOCS) 的调控:SOCS 通过 SH2 结构域与激活受体的磷酸酪氨酸残基结合。接下来,SOCS 通过其 SOCS 盒结构域招募 E3 泛素连接酶,并帮助JAK 激酶泛素化 。然后泛素化的 JAK 在蛋白酶体复合物中被降解。
  2. 蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶 SHP1 的调控:SHP1 是一种包含两个 SH2 结构域的磷酸酪氨酸磷酸酶。SHP1 使 JAKs 去磷酸化并使其失活。
  3. 激活的 STAT 蛋白抑制剂 (PIAS) 的调控:PIAS 蛋白可防止激活的 STAT 二聚体与 DNA 结合,从而关闭信号级联。

除了激活 STATs 之外,JAK 激酶还激活其他信号蛋白。激活的 JAK 是包含 SH2 结构域的磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶(PI-3K)或 SHP-2 结构域的 Grb2-SOS 适配蛋白的结合位点。PI-3K 的结合激活 PI3K /mTOR 通路,而 Grb2-SOS 的结合则促进 Ras-MAPK 信号级联。

Transcript

细胞因子受体是由称为细胞因子的小信号分子激活的细胞表面受体。它们不具有内在激酶活性,但与称为 Janus 激酶或 JAK 的胞质酪氨酸激酶结合。

细胞因子结合使这些受体二聚化,使两个 JAK 更接近。JAK 相互反式磷酸化并被激活。

活化的 JAK 磷酸化受体细胞质尾部的酪氨酸残基,这些残基是包含 SH2 结构域的蛋白质的结合位点,例如信号转导和转录激活因子或 STAT。

一旦被 JAK 磷酸化,STAT 就会使用其 SH2 结构域形成二聚体并从受体上解离。

STAT 二聚体易位到细胞核并结合调节基因序列以启动转录。

STAT 二聚体还激活细胞因子信号转导或 SOCS 合成的抑制因子。SOCS 蛋白结合细胞因子受体和 JAK 的特异性磷酸酪氨酸残基,并阻止其他细胞内信号转导蛋白的结合,从而关闭 JAK-STAT 通路。

Explore More Videos

JAK-STAT 信号通路 细胞因子受体 Janus 激酶 (JAK) 二聚化 磷酸化 STAT 转录因子 核定位信号 (NLS) 促红细胞生成素 (EPO) Bcl-xL 细胞凋亡 细胞因子信号抑制因子 (SOCS) E3 泛素连接酶 蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶 SHP1

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