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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
糖胺聚糖
糖胺聚糖
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Glycosaminoglycans

27.2: 糖胺聚糖

6,944 Views
01:23 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

糖胺聚糖 (GAGs) 也称为粘多糖,是由特定的重复二糖组成的长链线性聚合物——这种氨基糖可以是 N-乙酰葡糖胺或 N-乙酰半乳糖胺,以及糖醛酸(通常是葡萄糖醛酸或艾杜糖醛酸)。

GAGs 存在于脊椎动物、无脊椎动物和细菌的细胞外基质中。由于其极性性质,它们会吸引水,并在动物体内起到极好的润滑剂或减震器作用。

透明质酸是滑膜组织的主要成分,并作为各种其他结缔组织的基础物质。它被广泛用于滴眼剂,因为它有助于保持眼球的形状。它还有助于润滑关节和将细胞粘合在一起。

GAGs 分为四类:硫酸乙酰肝素、硫酸软骨素和硫酸皮肤素、硫酸角质素和透明质酸。

硫酸乙酰肝素在凝血和炎症反应中发挥重要作用。软骨素在临床上用于治疗骨关节炎和冠状动脉疾病。硫酸角质素是角膜的主要成分之一。它有助于角膜发育并保持组织的透明度。硫酸皮肤素是各种器官和组织的重要组成部分,对于调节血液凝固、伤口修复和应对感染至关重要。透明质酸有助于皮肤伸展和弯曲,从而减少皱纹。

Transcript

糖胺聚糖或 GAG 是特定重复二糖的线性聚合物 - 氨基糖 N-乙酰葡糖胺或 N-乙酰半乳糖胺,另一种通常是糖醛酸或艾杜糖醛酸。

GAG 的四大组是透明质酸、软骨素和硫酸皮肤素、硫酸乙酰肝素和硫酸角蛋白,基于糖、糖之间的键类型以及硫酸盐基团的数量和位置。

由于糖结合的硫酸盐和羧基,GAG 是高酸性的,带有负电荷。

因此,存在于结缔组织细胞外空间的 GAG 会吸引钠离子等阳离子云。结果,水被吸入基质中。这会产生膨胀或膨胀压力,帮助基体承受压缩力。

大多数 GAG 共价连接到形成蛋白多糖的核心蛋白上。在软骨基质中,这些蛋白聚糖与透明质酸(一种非硫酸化的 GAG)相连,形成蛋白多糖聚集体,从而提供承载能力和抗畸形能力。

Explore More Videos

糖胺聚糖 GAGs 粘多糖 二糖 N-乙酰葡糖胺 N-乙酰半乳糖胺 糖醛酸 异糖醛酸 细胞外基质 润滑剂 减震剂 透明质酸 滑膜组织 结缔组织 硫酸乙酰肝素 硫酸软骨素 硫酸皮肤素 硫酸角蛋白 骨关节炎 凝血

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