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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
基底层是一层薄薄的细胞外层,位于细胞下方,并将细胞与其他组织分开。基底层分为三层:透明层、致密层和网状层。基底层是糖蛋白和胶原蛋白的混合物,为上皮提供附着位点,使其与下方的结缔组织分开。基底层的框架还具有其他必需蛋白质,例如层粘连蛋白网、基底膜蛋白、巢蛋白和 IV 型胶原蛋白。
细胞膜中的整合素和肌营养不良聚糖等蛋白质附着在基底层中的层粘连蛋白和纤连蛋白等蛋白质上,将细胞与结缔组织的细胞外基质结合起来。在肾脏中存在的基底层充当分子过滤器,而在神经肌肉接头处,它包围肌肉细胞,将肌肉细胞与突触处的神经细胞分开。基底层还有助于损伤后突触的再生,并有助于定位乙酰胆碱受体。
基底膜或基底层是细胞外基质或 ECM 的一种特殊形式。其组织和功能取决于它所附着的细胞类型。
例如,在神经肌肉接头处,基底层围绕着肌肉细胞,将它们与神经细胞分开。相比之下,上皮中的基底层位于细胞下方,将它们与下面的结缔组织分开。
在肾小球中,它存在于内皮细胞和上皮细胞片之间,充当分子过滤器,防止大分子从血液进入尿液。
基底层主要由 IV 型胶原蛋白和糖蛋白组成,例如层粘连蛋白、内肌动蛋白和perlecan。
这些蛋白质通过将细胞与结缔组织的 ECM 连接起来,共同充当桥梁。
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