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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
柱色谱原理
柱色谱原理
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Principles Of Column Chromatography

32.8: 柱色谱原理

7,898 Views
01:13 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

色谱技术由俄罗斯植物学家 Michael S. Tswett 于 1901 年首次发明,用于使用有机溶剂分离植物色素。此外,在 1941 年,Archer John Porter Martin 和 R. L. M. Synge 通过将硅胶填充到柱中来修改了该技术。然后在填充柱上以氯仿和水混合物为流动相分离氨基酸混合物。这是关于柱色谱法的首份报告。目前,柱色谱法是一种广泛使用的技术,用于从样品混合物中分离各种类型的化合物。

影响蛋白质有效分离的因素

各种参数(如色谱柱材料、填料)和作条件(如流速和温度)决定了柱色谱分离的效率。

色谱柱材料或基质的选择决定了与样品相互作用的程度。基质材料必须紧密均匀地填充在色谱柱中。气泡、碎屑、大颗粒和沉淀物会干扰溶剂通过色谱柱的均匀流动,影响其分离效率。色谱柱还应不含颗粒物。

注入色谱柱的样品应透明,且没有可能堵塞色谱柱、阻碍溶剂流动的聚集体。溶剂的流速也会影响分离。溶剂流速非常高或非常低会导致化合物和不纯制剂的分离效率低下。非常高的速率也可能干扰色谱柱填充,从而影响工艺效率。此外,洗脱缓冲液的组成也是一个重要因素。它应该是无腐蚀性的,并且与样品以及色谱柱材料相容,以防止原位沉淀或溶解。

另一个作参数温度在该过程中也起着重要作用。它决定了样品、色谱柱材料和溶剂缓冲液的稳定性。此外,整个色谱柱的恒定温度可有效分离化合物。完成分离过程后,必须通过反复通过合适的溶剂彻底清洗色谱柱,以避免在后续运行中污染样品。有时,溶剂在色谱柱中以相反的方向通入,以去除任何堵塞的材料。

局限性

尽管这是一种使用非常广泛的技术,但该方法仍然存在一些局限性。这是一种非常耗时的方法,因为需要减慢流速才能更好地分离化合物。此外,流动相中需要大量的高纯度溶剂,这使得该过程成本高昂。当需要更高产量的纯化合物时,这也增加了放大成本。

Transcript

柱色谱是一种用于根据化合物的物理和化学性质分离化合物的生化技术。

它有两个主要成分 — 固体固定相或基质和液体流动相或溶剂。

基质填充柱上样样品,例如蛋白质混合物。然后使用溶剂将样品通过色谱柱。

在色谱柱内部,基质充当分子网,根据蛋白质的大小或与基质的相互作用过滤蛋白质。较大的蛋白质往往比较小的蛋白质移动得更快,从而产生基于大小的分离。

此外,样品中的蛋白质可能与基质相互作用。弱相互作用使蛋白质能够快速通过,而强相互作用将蛋白质保留在色谱柱内。

溶剂的 pH 值或离子强度的逐渐变化会改变蛋白质与基质的相互作用,并有助于将蛋白质洗脱成单独的组分。

Explore More Videos

色谱柱色谱 Michael S. Tswett 硅胶 氨基酸分离 流动相 作条件 流速 温度 色谱柱材料 填充效率 洗脱缓冲液 溶剂流速 样品制备 溶剂污染 色谱限制

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