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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
毛囊(HF)是产生毛干的皮肤的一小部分。Paul Gerson Unna 是第一个观察到人类毛囊外根鞘 (ORS) 凸起的人。该凸起存在于皮脂腺和立毛肌之间,是毛囊干细胞(HFSCs)的微环境。 凸起也是黑素细胞干细胞的微环境,它们的损失会导致头发变白。HFSCs 表达 Sox9 和 Lhx2,这有助于它们保持干细胞特性并防止分化。如果 Sox9 被抑制,细胞就会开始分化。
HF 经历三个循环阶段:生长期(毛发生长初期)、过渡期(毛发生长中期)、以及静止期(毛发生长终期)。在毛发生长初期,毛囊干细胞和发根细胞被激活。发根细胞增殖,形成外根鞘,并向上移动,分化为毛囊细胞,毛发生长。在退行期,毛发根细胞发生凋亡,毛发停止生长,只有凸起干细胞存活。静止期是毛囊干细胞的静止阶段,头发在毛囊中休息。
使用标记保留技术来鉴定成体干细胞,其中细胞的 DNA 用溴脱氧尿苷 (BrdU) 或氚化胸嘧啶 (3 H-T) 标记。 分裂非常缓慢的细胞含有标记,而快速增殖的细胞则不保留标记。。这些标记的、慢周期的细胞被称为标记保留细胞(LRCs)。凸起干细胞就是标记保留细胞。
头发通过皮肤下的管状结构(称为毛囊)生长。凸起是毛囊的一小部分,是毛囊干细胞或 HFSC 的生态位。
HFSC 可以分化成大多数皮肤上皮细胞,包括角质形成细胞和毛囊细胞。这些干细胞使毛囊不断再生,还可以帮助修复上皮伤口。
在毛囊生长期开始时,少量休眠的 HFSC 被一组间充质细胞(称为真皮)激活。然后,这些激活的 HFSC 最终分化为毛干和其他毛囊细胞。
隆起的下部包含黑色素细胞干细胞,这些干细胞与 HFSC 一起被激活。这些干细胞增殖并分化成黑色素细胞,产生黑色素——黑色素是自然为头发和皮肤着色的色素。
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