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毛囊或 HF 是产生毛干的皮肤的一小部分。Paul Gerson Unna 是第一个观察到人类毛囊外根鞘 (ORS) 隆起的人。隆起存在于皮脂腺和竖毛肌之间,是毛囊干细胞 (HFSC) 的生态位。凸起也是黑色素细胞干细胞的生态位,它们的丢失会导致头发变白。HFSC 表达 Sox9 和 Lhx2,这有助于它们保持干性并防止分化。如果 Sox9 受到抑制,细胞开始分化。
HF 经历三个周期期:生长期或生长期、过渡期或退行期以及静息期或休止期。在生长期,HFSC 和头发生殖细胞被激活。毛发生殖细胞增殖,形成 ORS,并向上移动,分化成毛囊细胞,头发长出。在退行期,头发生殖细胞发生凋亡,头发停止生长,只有凸起的干细胞存活。休止期是 HFSC 经历静止并且头发停留在毛囊中的静止期。
使用标记保留技术鉴定成体干细胞,其中细胞的 DNA 用溴脱氧尿嘧啶 (BrdU) 或氚化胸苷 (3 H-T) 标记。分裂非常缓慢的细胞包含标记,而快速增殖的细胞不保留标记。标记的慢循环细胞称为标记保留细胞 (LRC)。凸起干细胞是 LRC。
头发通过皮肤下的管状结构(称为毛囊)生长。凸起是毛囊的一小部分,是毛囊干细胞或 HFSC 的生态位。
HFSC 可以分化成大多数皮肤上皮细胞,包括角质形成细胞和毛囊细胞。这些干细胞使毛囊不断再生,还可以帮助修复上皮伤口。
在毛囊生长期开始时,少量休眠的 HFSC 被一组间充质细胞(称为真皮)激活。然后,这些激活的 HFSC 最终分化为毛干和其他毛囊细胞。
隆起的下部包含黑色素细胞干细胞,这些干细胞与 HFSC 一起被激活。这些干细胞增殖并分化成黑色素细胞,产生黑色素——黑色素是自然为头发和皮肤着色的色素。
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