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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
无需干细胞的组织更新
Video Quiz
无需干细胞的组织更新
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

39.12: 无需干细胞的组织更新

2,190 Views
01:23 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

细胞或组织损伤后,人体内存在的常驻干细胞可以局部修复和再生受损的组织或器官。然而,即使有些组织没有干细胞,它们也可以在预先存在的细胞的帮助下修复和再生。例如,胰腺的β细胞和肝脏的肝细胞可以分裂以更新和再生组织。在这里,细胞分裂和细胞死亡都受到稳态的良好调节。

然而,这种系统的故障可能会导致危及生命的疾病。胰岛素分泌细胞的功能障碍以及靶细胞对胰岛素的反应性降低,可能导致糖尿病。 有趣的是,最近的一项研究还发现,作为一种备份,肝脏和胰腺在极端条件下都会激活一些干细胞来产生分化的细胞类型。在这种情况下,肝脏和胰腺都会恢复正常的修复和更新机制。

Transcript

一些分化的细胞类型,如胰腺的 β 细胞或肝脏的肝细胞,可以在不使用干细胞的情况下分裂以更新和再生组织。这很有趣,因为分化细胞的细胞分裂能力受到限制,无法补充整个器官。

β 细胞是存在于朗格汉斯胰岛中的产生胰岛素的细胞。这些细胞的丢失是导致 I 型糖尿病的原因。然而,朗格汉斯岛的胰岛不含任何可以补充 β 细胞的特殊干细胞。

因此,预先存在的 β 细胞进行简单的复制以补偿细胞的损失。

同样,肝脏中的肝细胞负责代谢调节,寿命为一年。在此之后,它们自我更新,产生更多新的肝细胞。

细胞增殖和细胞死亡这两个过程都受到体内平衡的良好调节,以维持肝脏的大小。

例如,当通过手术切除大鼠肝脏的三分之二时,剩余部分的肝细胞会迅速繁殖,在短短两周内再生出正常大小的肝脏。

Explore More Videos

组织更新 干细胞 细胞损伤 组织修复 胰腺β细胞 肝细胞 细胞分裂 体内平衡 糖尿病 胰岛素分泌细胞 肝脏再生 胰腺再生 分化细胞类型

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