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JoVE Core
Cell Biology
不可再生细胞
Video Quiz
不可再生细胞
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Unrenewable Cells

39.13: 不可再生细胞

2,990 Views
00:50 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在人类中,眼睛的感光细胞和耳朵的感觉毛细胞缺乏干细胞。因此,这些细胞是不可再生的,并且在损坏或破坏时无法更换。

感光细胞

视网膜由多层组成,包含称为感光细胞的特殊细胞。 感光细胞(视杆细胞和视锥细胞)在受到光能刺激时会改变其膜电位。光感受器有两种类型——视杆细胞和视锥细胞——它们的外节形状不同。杆状感光细胞的杆状外节包含一堆膜结合盘,其中含有光敏色素视紫红质。视锥感光细胞的锥形外节在细胞膜的折叠处含有光敏色素。由于眼睛的感光细胞缺乏干细胞,视杆细胞和视锥细胞的丧失是永久性,无法再生。感光细胞的损失或损伤可能是由年龄相关问题或暴露于高强度光引起的。

感觉毛细胞

与感光细胞一样,耳朵的感觉毛细胞也不包含干细胞。这些毛细胞存在于柯蒂氏器官中,柯蒂氏器官因从细胞顶端表面延伸出的毛发状静纤毛而得名。当来自耳蜗内管道的压力波移动基底膜时,盖膜在静纤毛上滑动。这会使静纤毛向每个阵列中最高的成员弯曲或远离它们。当静纤毛向其阵列中最高的成员弯曲时,蛋白质系链中的张力会打开毛细胞膜中的离子通道。这将使毛细胞膜去极化,触发神经冲动,沿着附着在毛细胞上的传入神经纤维传播。当静纤毛向其阵列中最短的成员弯曲时,系链上的张力减弱,离子通道关闭。当没有声音且静纤毛直立时,系链上仍存在少量张力,使毛细胞的膜电位保持轻微去极化。毛细胞的损失或损伤也是永久性的,通常会导致永久性耳聋。

Transcript

在人类中,身体的两个感觉结构——视网膜上皮和听觉上皮——缺乏干细胞。

在视网膜上皮的情况下,如果光感受器随着时间的推移退化或因暴露于远光灯而受损,则无法补偿损失,导致部分或完全失明。

同样,如果耳朵的感觉毛细胞随着年龄的增长而退化或因巨大的噪音而破裂,它们就无法再生,从而导致部分或完全听力丧失。

此外,患有 Usher 综合征的人由于失去光感受器和感觉毛细胞,以及缺乏再生这些细胞的干细胞,既失明又失聪。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Types of Photoreceptor Cells - Rods and cones that respond to light stimuli.
  • Unrenewable - A state where cells cannot heal or reproduce.
  • Damaged Rods and Cones - Photoreceptors that are incapable of regeneration.
  • Photoreceptor Rod - A type of photoreceptor for night vision and peripheral vision.
  • Permanent Cells - Cells that do not undergo cell division and are typically non-replicating.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Types of Photoreceptor Cells – Different photoreceptors found in the retina (e.g., rods and cones).
  • Contrast Rods vs Cones – Understand their structural and functional differences (e.g., color vision and night vision).
  • Explain Unrenewability – Learn why some cells can't regenerate or reproduce (e.g., photoreceptor cells).
  • Understand Damage to Photoreceptors – How damage affects vision and why it's irreversible.
  • Learn about Permanent Cells – Realize which cells do not undergo cell division and why.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What are the types of photoreceptor cells and why are they unrenewable?
  • What causes damage to rods and cones and why is this damage permanent?
  • What are permanent cells and how do they contrast with cells that can divide or regenerate?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Comprehend how the lack of regeneration of certain cells affects sensory perception.
  • Educators – Obtain a clear framework to teach the concept of cell renewal and its exceptions.
  • Researchers – Provides insights into the biology of photoreceptor cells.
  • Medical Professionals – Understand the irreversibility of certain types of sensory nerve damage.

Explore More Videos

不可再生细胞 感光细胞 感觉毛细胞 视杆细胞 视锥细胞 视网膜结构 视紫红质 年龄相关损伤 高强度光照 皮质器官 立体纤毛 离子通道 神经冲动 永久性耳聋

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