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Physics
超导体的类型
超导体的类型
JoVE Core
Physics
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JoVE Core Physics
Types Of Superconductors

30.21: 超导体的类型

1,578 Views
01:28 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

超导体是一种在低于临界温度时对电流提供零电阻的物质。 当材料达到转变温度时,零电阻并不是唯一有趣的现象。 第二个效果是排除磁场。 这就是所谓的迈斯纳效应。 放置在超导样品上方的轻质永磁体将悬浮在超导体上方的稳定位置。 依靠强超导磁体悬浮的高速列车已经开发出来,消除了列车与轨道之间通常存在的摩擦。 1997年4月3日,日本山梨磁悬浮试验线正式开通,2015年4月,MLX01试验车利用强超导磁体达到了374英里/小时的速度。

超导体可分为I型和II型超导体。

三十种纯金属在低于其临界温度时表现出零电阻率,并表现出迈斯纳效应,即当超导体处于低于临界温度的温度时从超导体内部排除磁场的特性。 这些金属被称为 I 型超导体。 超导性仅存在于其临界温度和临界磁场强度以下。 由于破坏超导性所需的临界磁场强度很低,I型超导体的实际应用有限。

II 型超导体具有更高的临界磁场,并且可以在保持超导状态的同时承载更高的电流密度。 各种含有氧化钡铜的陶瓷具有更高的转变为超导态的临界温度。 属于 II 型超导体子类别的超导材料通常被归类为高温超导体。

Transcript

当永磁体放置在任何类型的超导材料上时,由于迈斯纳效应,磁体都会被排斥并悬浮在稳定的位置。超导体根据其行为和特性分为 I 型和 II 型组。

I 型超导体在室温下运行时充当导体。然而,当冷却到临界温度以下时,物质内部的分子运动会减少,从而使电流尽可能自由地流动。

它们通常由汞、锌、铝、铅等纯金属组成,完全服从迈斯纳效应,同时具有低临界磁场。

II 型超导体在中等温度和超导相以上的场下表现出普通和超导混合性质的中间相。

它们通常由元素铌、钒、锝和金属合金或复杂氧化物组成。

II 型超导体部分服从迈斯纳效应,并具有两个临界磁场。

Explore More Videos

超导体 零电阻 临界温度 迈斯纳效应 磁场 悬浮 I 型超导体 II 型超导体 高温超导体 电流密度 钡铜氧化物 山梨磁悬浮 超导磁体

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