11.10
胸廓：肋骨
肋骨是弯曲、扁平的骨头，能够与胸肌共同形成胸腔壁。胸肋骨有12对。所有肋骨的后端均与胸椎相连。相反，大多数肋骨的前端可以通过肋软骨附着在胸骨上。
典型肋骨的部分
典型的肋骨有头部、颈部和身体。肋骨的后端称为头部，其后方是狭窄的颈部。头部主要与相同编号的胸椎中的肋关节进行小面积的连接，并且在较小的程度…
胸廓由胸骨、十二对肋骨及其肋软骨组成。
前七对肋骨为真肋或称椎胸肋，通过其前方的软骨延伸部分（即肋软骨）直接连接至胸骨。
其余五对肋骨为假肋或椎软肋肋，它们要么与上方的肋软骨相连，要么为游离状态，其肋软骨嵌入胸壁中。
一条典型的肋骨具有肋头、肋颈和肋体。从短小的肋颈处伸出的结节与同序数椎骨的横突肋凹相连。
每根肋骨的头部关节面与两个胸椎的肋凹相连，分别是同序数的胸椎和其上方的一个胸椎。
肋骨内面有供血管和神经穿行的肋沟。其外面附着于骨盆带和躯干的肌肉。
呼吸过程中，肋骨之间的肋间肌发生收缩和舒张，从而改变胸腔的宽度和深度。这有助于在吸气时增加胸腔容积，在呼气时减小胸腔容积。
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Q1: What are the main components of a typical rib?
A typical rib has three main parts: the head, neck, and body. The head articulates with costal facets of thoracic vertebrae, while a small bump called the tubercle on the neck joins the transverse process of the same-numbered vertebra. The body, or shaft, contains a costal groove along its inferior margin for blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
Q2: How do true ribs differ from false ribs?
True ribs, ribs 1-7, attach directly to the sternum through their costal cartilages. False ribs, ribs 8-12, attach indirectly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 connect to the cartilage of the 7th rib, while ribs 11-12, called floating ribs, do not attach to the sternum at all and terminate within the abdominal wall musculature.
Q3: Where do ribs articulate with the vertebral column?
All 12 pairs of ribs articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae T1-T12. The articular facet in each rib's head joins the costal facets of two vertebrae: the same-numbered vertebra and the one above it. The tubercle on the rib's neck articulates with the transverse process of the same-numbered vertebra.
Q4: What is the costal groove and what structures pass through it?
The costal groove is a shallow groove located along the inferior margin of each rib. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this groove, allowing them to travel safely along the rib without obstruction. This anatomical feature protects vital neurovascular structures during respiration and movement.
Q5: How do intercostal muscles affect the thoracic cage during breathing?
Intercostal muscles between the ribs contract and relax during respiration, changing the width and depth of the thoracic cage. When these muscles contract during inhalation, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. During exhalation, they relax, decreasing the cavity's volume and facilitating air expulsion.
Q6: What is the angle of the rib and why is it anatomically significant?
The angle of the rib is the point on the rib where it has its highest degree of curvature, located just posterior to the tubercle. The angles of all ribs form the posterior extent of the thoracic cage, providing structural support and defining the cage's posterior boundary.
Q7: How many ribs comprise the thoracic cage and what are they called?
The thoracic cage comprises 12 pairs of ribs along with the sternum and costal cartilages. These ribs are classified as true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), and floating ribs (11-12). Together with thoracic muscles, they form the thoracic cavity wall and are part of the overview of the axial skeleton.