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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
毒性反应:概览
Video Quiz
毒性反应:概览
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Toxic Reactions: Overview

2.5: 毒性反应:概览

3,348 Views
01:26 min
September 22, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

当有毒物质渗透人体时,它们会扩散到各种组织并发生代谢变化。这个过程会产生反应性代谢产物,可能与特定靶分子共价结合,导致毒性。

毒性分为两个主要类别:局部和全身。

局部毒性出现在接触部位,比如腐蚀性物质引起的蛋白变性。

相比之下,全身毒性需要有毒物质的吸收和分布,可能干扰特定的生化途径。

某些毒素可以引发局部和全身效应。例如,四乙基铅在接触时会引起皮肤刺激,是一种局部效应,但是当它被吸收进入血液时会干扰中枢神经系统,这是一种全身效应。

毒性效应的严重程度和可逆性在很大程度上取决于受影响的器官。对中枢神经系统的损伤通常是不可逆的,因为脑神经元的再生能力有限。另一方面,对肝脏等器官的损伤可能是可逆的,因为这些器官具有固有的再生功能。

毒性效应的发生时间从立即到延迟不等。例如,由于马拉硫磷抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶而导致突触上的乙酰胆碱过量,会迅速引起症状。另一方面,石棉在引起间皮瘤等疾病之前可能有很长的潜伏期,间皮瘤是一种影响特定组织内壁的癌症类型。

Transcript

进入体内的有毒化学物质会分布到组织,在那里它们可能会被代谢。反应性代谢物可能与靶分子共价相互作用以产生毒性。

局部毒性发生在暴露部位。一个例子是腐蚀性物质使蛋白质变性。

全身毒性通常需要吸收和分布毒物,毒物可能通过中断特定的生化途径发挥作用。

一些毒性作用可能既是局部的,也可能是全身性的。例如,接触四乙基铅会引起皮肤刺激,其吸收到循环中会影响中枢神经系统。

由于脑神经元的再生能力有限,中枢神经系统的损伤是不可逆的。由于其再生能力,肝脏等器官的损伤可能是可逆的。

大多数毒性作用是迅速的。例如,由于马拉硫磷介导的乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制,突触处过量的乙酰胆碱会立即产生症状。

一些有毒化学物质,如石棉,在导致间皮瘤(一种某些组织内壁的癌症)之前表现出较长的潜伏期。

Explore More Videos

有毒物质 反应性代谢产物 局部毒性 全身毒性 蛋白质变性 中枢神经系统 四乙基铅 皮肤刺激 生化途径 器官损伤 再生能力 乙酰胆碱过量 乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制 石棉 间皮瘤

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