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Home
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
自主神经系统:概述
自主神经系统:概述
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System: Overview

5.1: 自主神经系统:概述

7,268 Views
01:26 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

人类的神经系统分为两个主要部分:中枢神经系统(CNS)和外周神经系统(PNS)。中枢神经系统由大脑和脊髓组成,而外周神经系统包含位于中枢神经系统外的神经细胞、神经细胞群和感觉受体。外周神经系统有两种类型的神经细胞:感觉(传入)神经细胞和运动(传出)神经细胞。感觉细胞从受体向中枢神经系统发送信号,而运动细胞将信号从中枢神经系统传递到器官、肌肉和腺体。外周神经系统进一步分为三个部分:自主神经系统(ANS)、体感神经系统(SNS)和肠道神经系统(ENS)。自主神经系统调节体内平衡的无意识功能,如心率、腺体分泌和消化。体感神经系统主要控制骨骼肌肉,管理自主和非自主收缩。肠道神经系统在胃肠道 (GI) 中包含许多神经细胞,并控制非自主行为,例如胃肠道蠕动和内分泌细胞的激素分泌。

自主神经系统由交感神经和副交感神经两个部分组成。交感神经元起源于脊髓的胸椎和腰椎节段,而副交感神经元起源于颅神经和骶神经节段。这些部分都有与脊髓附近的神经节或目标器官内的神经节相连接的神经节前神经元。自主神经系统使用乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素这两种神经递质。交感神经系统的激活触发"战斗或逃跑"反应,而副交感神经系统的激活则诱导"休息和消化"反应。大多数器官都接收来自两个部分的信号。自主神经系统对于维持身体功能和协调反应至关重要。

Transcript

自主神经系统或 ANS 调节非自愿功能,例如心输出量、腺体分泌和消化,这些功能对体内平衡至关重要。

ANS 细分为交感神经和副交感神经。每个分支包括两个传出神经元:起源于中枢神经系统或 CNS 的节前神经元和支配器官的节后神经元。

交感神经节前神经元从 12 个胸段和 3 个腰段开始。这些胸腰神经元终止于脊髓附近的椎旁神经节或腹腔的椎前神经节。

副交感神经节前神经元起源于 4 个颅神经和 3 个骶神经。这些颅骶神经元终止于位于靶器官内的副交感神经节。

两个分支的自主神经节都包含节后神经元的细胞体,这些神经元支配内脏器官。一般来说,椎旁神经节神经元支配膈肌上方的器官,椎前神经节神经元支配膈肌下方的器官。

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自主神经系统 中枢神经系统 周围神经系统 感觉细胞 运动细胞 躯体神经系统 肠神经系统 稳态 交感神经 副交感神经 神经递质 战斗或逃跑反应 休息和消化反应 胃肠道

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