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Pharmacology
直接作用的胆碱能激动剂:药代动力学
直接作用的胆碱能激动剂:药代动力学
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

5.8: 直接作用的胆碱能激动剂:药代动力学

1,789 Views
01:31 min
September 22, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

直接作用的胆碱能激动剂,如合成胆碱酯和天然生物碱,通过增强乙酰胆碱的作用并刺激副交感神经系统来发挥作用。合成胆碱酯在结构上与乙酰胆碱有相似之处。例如,它们具有带电的季铵或鎓基团,使其具有亲水性特征。因此,它们通过口服途径在体内吸收较差,并且无法穿过血脑屏障。相反,生物碱是叔胺,容易被身体吸收,并且可以穿过血脑屏障。值得注意的是,含季铵基团的生物碱毒蕈碱吸收不良,并在中枢神经系统中诱导毒性作用。

直接作用的胆碱能药物的药代动力学在其治疗应用中起着关键作用。乙酰胆碱用作眼科手术中的药理学药物,以诱导瞳孔收缩,可通过眼药或眼药水给药。类似地,卡巴可在青光眼治疗中以滴眼剂形式局部应用。此外,毛果芸香碱(另一种生物碱)通过滴眼剂装置输送至眼部以诱导瞳孔收缩。氨甲酰甲胆碱吸收有限,需多次口服,主要作用于泌尿和胃肠道,常用于术后尿潴留。胆碱酯和生物碱主要通过肾脏排泄。卡巴可、氨甲酰甲胆碱、毒蕈碱和毛果芸香碱不会被乙酰胆碱酯酶水解,并且通过酸化尿液可以加速它们从体内的排出。

Transcript

回想一下,直接作用的胆碱能激动剂模仿 ACh 的作用,被归类为胆碱酯和生物碱。

胆碱酯(包括 ACh 及其合成衍生物)是季胺,本质上是亲水性的。因此,它们的口服吸收较差,无法穿过血脑屏障或 BBB。

ACh—内源性胆碱酯,被 AChEs 迅速灭活并水解成胆碱和乙酸盐。因此,更高的 IV 剂量对于诱导其药理作用至关重要。

合成胆碱酯相对更稳定且耐 AChE 水解,这与它们的作用持续时间更长相关。

一般来说,胆碱酯是短效剂,因为它们会通过尿液迅速消除。

天然存在的生物碱是叔胺,毒蕈碱除外。因此,它们很容易从给药部位吸收,可以穿过 BBB,并通过肾脏途径消除。

尿液酸化可以加速生物碱的清除。由于叔胺的质子化降低了它们的亲脂性,酸化促进了肾脏的快速消除。

Explore More Videos

直接作用胆碱能激动剂 药代动力学 合成胆碱酯 生物碱 乙酰胆碱 副交感神经系统 毒蕈碱 卡巴胆碱 毛果芸香碱 氨甲酰胆碱 眼科手术 瞳孔缩小 青光眼治疗 肾排泄

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