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Home
JoVE Core
Physics
离心力
离心力
JoVE Core
Physics
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Core Physics
Centrifugal Force

5.16: 离心力

4,013 Views
01:06 min
May 16, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

伪力或虚拟力似乎作用在相对于惯性参考系旋转的参考系中运动的物体上。 这些力不是真正的力,而是数学结构,引入这些力是为了在使用牛顿运动定律的同时简化非惯性系中的计算。 伪力的常见示例包括离心力、科里奥利力和欧拉力。 这些力在力学、天体物理学和流体动力学等领域至关重要,这些领域经常会遇到物体在非惯性参考系中的运动。

假设一个绑在绳子上的球在水平面上旋转。 根据牛顿第一运动定律,当从惯性参考系观察时,球将沿直线运动。 然而,绳子中的张力持续提供向心力,以保持球沿圆形路径移动。 在这个惯性系中不需要离心力,因为所有运动都可以仅使用真实的力和牛顿运动定律来充分描述。

那么,假设一个参考系,球围绕与球相同的轴旋转。 从该坐标系看,球是静止的。 然而,绳子上的张力或向心力仍然作用在指向旋转轴的球上。

这与牛顿运动定律相矛盾,根据该定律,球必须沿净施加力的方向(也就是朝向旋转轴)加速。 引入与向心力相等且方向相反的离心力就可以解决这个问题。 球上的净力为零,这使其在旋转参考系中保持静止。

虚拟力对于使用牛顿前两个定律制定正确的运动方程是必要的。 然而,虚拟力并不遵守牛顿第三定律,该定律要求在同一参考系中存在大小相等且方向相反的力。 这意味着离心力和向心力不是作用力和反作用力。

Transcript

有没有想过为什么球会在旋转木马中向外飞?

当旋转木马旋转时,球会沿着一条圆形路径移动。琴弦中拉力的分量为球的圆周运动提供必要的向心力。

向心力指向圆心,由物体质量、角速度的平方和与旋转轴的距离的乘积表示。

由于球向外飞行,因此根据牛顿第三定律,向内的向心力应该具有相等且相反的向外反作用力。这种远离旋转中心的向外力称为离心力。

旋转木马中的旋转球受到离心力,将其向外推离旋转中心。

离心力是一种伪力。仅当观察系为非惯性时,才考虑它。

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离心力 伪力 虚构力 惯性参考系 非惯性系 牛顿运动定律 科里奥利力 欧拉力 力学 流体动力学 向心力 运动方程

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