15.5
轴向肌和四肢肌
骨骼肌参与了我们身体运动中的关键活动，根据其位置和功能可以分为两类：轴向肌和四肢肌。这些分类反映了肌肉在我们的身体结构和运动中的重要作用。
轴向肌
轴向肌位于身体的中线部位，与轴向骨骼（包括头骨、脊椎、肋骨和胸骨）错综复杂地连结。这些肌肉的活动能够实现面部表情的变化，并在各种头部和颈部运动、说话和饮…
骨骼肌主要分为两组：轴向肌和附肢肌。
沿身体中线分布的轴肌主要与头部、颈部和躯干区域相连。
在头颈部，轴肌对于面部表情、说话、进食以及各种头部运动至关重要。
此外，一些颈部肌肉协助通常被称为背肌的躯干后部肌肉，共同参与脊柱的运动。
胸肌以及腹肌，例如腹直肌、腹斜肌, 并形成躯干的前外侧壁。
最后，下部轴向骨骼具有连接骶骨与骨盆带的肌肉，形成盆底。
另一方面，附肢肌是指与肩带、盆带以及四肢相关的肌肉。
这些肌肉在行走、跑步及其他体力活动中起到稳定和支持运动结构的作用。
与上肢相关的附肢肌从肩部延伸至手部，而下肢肌肉则从髋部延伸至足部。
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Q1: What is the main difference between axial and appendicular muscles?
Axial muscles are located along the body's midline and connect to the axial skeleton, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. They control facial expressions, head and neck movements, speaking, and eating. Appendicular muscles, by contrast, attach to the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs, providing stability and enabling movement during activities like walking and running.
Q2: Which axial muscles form the walls of the trunk?
The thoracic muscles and abdominal muscles, including the rectus, oblique, and transverse muscles, form the anterolateral walls of the trunk. These muscles of the abdomen provide structural support and stability to the torso, protecting internal organs and enabling trunk movements and breathing.
Q3: What role do axial muscles play in head and neck movements?
Axial muscles in the head and neck are vital for facial expressions, talking, and eating. Additionally, some neck muscles work with posterior trunk muscles to assist in movements of the vertebral column. These muscles of the vertebral column coordinate to enable flexion, extension, and rotation of the spine.
Q4: How do appendicular muscles support limb movement?
Appendicular muscles stabilize and support moving structures during physical activities like walking and running. Upper limb muscles extend from the shoulders to the hands, enabling precise hand movements. Lower limb muscles stretch from the hips to the feet, providing mobility and balance during locomotion and weight-bearing activities.
Q5: What muscles form the pelvic floor?
The lower axial skeleton contains muscles that extend between the sacrum and pelvic girdle, creating the pelvic floor. These muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum provide support for pelvic organs and contribute to core stability during movement and posture maintenance.
Q6: Where are appendicular muscles located in the upper and lower limbs?
Upper appendicular muscles extend from the shoulders down to the hands, enabling intricate tasks and arm movements. Lower appendicular muscles stretch from the hips to the feet, ensuring mobility and balance. Both regions contain muscles that attach to the pectoral and pelvic girdles, respectively, allowing coordinated limb function.
Q7: How do axial muscles contribute to facial expressions and eating?
Axial muscles in the head and neck are essential for creating facial expressions and controlling jaw and mouth movements during eating. These muscles for facial expressions work in coordination with muscles around the mouth and eyes to produce the varied expressions humans use for communication and food manipulation.