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JoVE Core
Anatomy and Physiology
耳朵的解剖
Video Quiz
耳朵的解剖
JoVE Core
Anatomy and Physiology
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JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy of the Ear

20.10: 耳朵的解剖

13,070 Views
01:16 min
February 1, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

听觉,通常称为听觉,涉及听觉器官结构促进的声波转化为神经脉冲的过程。 头部一侧突出的肉状结构(称为耳廓)将声波引导至耳道。 耳廓经常被错误地标记为耳廓,这个术语更适合猫科动物外耳等移动结构。 耳道通过颞骨的外耳道穿过颅骨,并在鼓膜处达到顶峰。 鼓膜,通俗地称为耳膜,在受到声波冲击时会振动。 耳廓、耳道和鼓膜共同构成外耳。

中耳由三个小听小骨或骨头组成。 这些结构被称为锤骨、砧骨和镫骨,源自拉丁语,分别翻译为锤子、砧座和马镫。 连接到鼓膜的锤骨与连接到镫骨的砧骨相交。 镫骨与内耳相连,声波在这里转化为神经信号,这是听觉过程的关键点。 中耳通过咽鼓管与咽部相通,咽鼓管平衡鼓膜两侧的气压。 该管通常是关闭的,仅当吞咽或打哈欠期间咽部肌肉收缩时才打开。

由于颞骨内有一系列耳道,内耳的特点是迷宫式结构,分为两部分。 这两个部分是耳蜗和前庭,分别促进听力和平衡。 来自这些区域的神经冲动通过单独的纤维束从内耳传递到脑干,称为前庭蜗神经。 声音转化为神经信号发生在内耳的耳蜗区域,该区域容纳螺旋神经节的感觉神经元。 内耳螺旋形耳蜗内的神经节通过卵圆窗固定在镫骨上。

卵圆窗形成耳蜗内充满液体的管道的起点,称为前庭阶。 前庭阶从卵圆窗延伸出来,穿过耳蜗管上方,耳蜗管是耳蜗的中腔,承载着听觉传导神经元。 前庭阶包围耳蜗尖端附近的耳蜗管。 返回耳蜗基部的充满液体的导管称为鼓阶。 在耳蜗管下方,鼓阶终止于圆窗,由膜密封,该膜将流体包围在鼓阶内。 通过卵圆窗传递的小骨的振动导致前庭阶和鼓阶内的液体波动。 流体波的频率与声波的频率相对应。 密封圆窗的膜响应鼓阶内的流体运动而突出或内陷。

Transcript

人耳有三个重要区域——外部、中部和内部。

外耳由软骨耳廓和耳道组成,耳道将声波引导至鼓膜或鼓膜。

鼓膜是一层薄而透明的组织膜,会随着传入的声音而振动。它将中耳与外耳分开。

中耳是一个充满空气的空间,通过听管与鼻咽相连。在吞咽或打哈欠时,管子会短暂打开以平衡气压。

中耳包括三个听小骨——锤骨、砧骨和镫骨。

这些听小骨将振动从鼓膜传递到充满液体的内耳。

前庭是内耳的中央椭圆形结构。从前厅伸出的是三个半规管。

前庭和半规管检测头部位置的变化并保持身体平衡。

前庭前方是耳蜗,这是一种类似于蜗牛壳的螺旋结构。它容纳了 Corti 器官,其中包含听觉受体。

Explore More Videos

耳解剖 听觉 耳廓 耳道 鼓膜 中耳 听小骨 踝骨 砧骨 镫骨 咽鼓管 内耳 耳蜗 前庭 神经冲动 前庭耳蜗神经

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