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Pharmacology
中枢神经抑制剂:巴比妥类药物和苯二氮卓类药物
中枢神经抑制剂:巴比妥类药物和苯二氮卓类药物
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CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

12.3: 中枢神经抑制剂:巴比妥类药物和苯二氮卓类药物

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01:14 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

中枢神经系统(CNS)抑制剂包括巴比妥类药物和苯二氮卓类药物。它们是治疗焦虑症和失眠症的宝贵药物。巴比妥类药物曾被广泛用于诱导和维持睡眠,但由于其毒性、耐受性和过量服用风险,目前主要被苯二氮卓类药物取代。它们与 GABA A 受体相互作用,在低剂量时引起镇静,在高剂量时可能导致昏迷和死亡。苯巴比妥是一种长效巴比妥类药物,具有抗惊厥活性,但可能对认知能力产生负面影响。然而,巴比妥类药物仍然被广泛滥用,长期使用会导致耐受性和身体依赖。突然停药可能会导致戒断症状,​​包括癫痫发作,这需要逐渐减少剂量,并可能使用非苯二氮卓类抗焦虑药物(如丁螺环酮)代替。

苯二氮卓类药物,如咪达唑仑、地西泮和劳拉西泮,也作用于 GABA 受体,产生抑制作用,静脉注射时有呼吸抑制的风险。尽管巴比妥类药物的处方率较低,但它们仍被在街头非法出售。苯二氮卓类药物滥用通常与阿片类药物同时发生。高剂量滥用者通常需要住院戒毒,使用长效苯二氮卓类药物或巴比妥类药物来有效控制戒断症状。戒毒后,需要长期门诊康复以防止复发,但镇静剂滥用者康复的特定药物仍然难以找到。医生在开具巴比妥类催眠药时应谨慎,应避免长期使用镇静剂,以防止正常睡眠生理受到干扰,以及在停药后加重失眠症的风险。最后,必须避免使用酒精来缓解失眠,因为这可能会加剧睡眠质量问题。

Transcript

中枢神经系统抑制剂,包括苯二氮卓类药物和巴比妥类药物,通常用于治疗失眠。

巴比妥类药物与 GABAA 受体相互作用并延长氯离子通道打开的持续时间。它们还阻断兴奋性谷氨酸受体。

这会降低神经元活动,并可能导致镇静,或者在较高剂量下,甚至因严重的呼吸抑制而昏迷或死亡。

长期使用巴比妥类药物会导致耐受性和身体依赖性,从而导致震颤、焦虑、癫痫发作和心脏骤停等戒断症状。

这些风险可以通过逐渐减少剂量和替代药物(例如苯二氮卓类药物)来控制。

苯二氮卓类药物还与 GABAA 受体相互作用,产生可能导致滥用的欣快效应。

苯二氮卓类药物除了巴比妥类药物的戒断症状外,还会引起易怒、失眠、畏光和肌肉痉挛。

苯二氮卓类药物也存在很大的滥用风险,有时与阿片类药物等其他药物结合使用。

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