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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
中枢神经兴奋剂:迷幻剂
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中枢神经兴奋剂:迷幻剂
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Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

12.5: 中枢神经兴奋剂:迷幻剂

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01:22 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

致幻剂,又称迷幻药,是一类能够改变感知、认知和情绪的物质。尽管这些药物对大脑有很大的影响,但它们并不具有成瘾性,这使其有别于许多其他被滥用的物质。这些药物的作用机制在于它们对大脑中的 5-HT_2A 受体产生的影响。激活后,该受体与 G_q 型 G 蛋白偶联,引发级联反应,释放细胞内的钙离子。这种生化过程被认为是致幻剂产生独特心理效应的基础。迷幻药可根据其化学结构分为两大类:吲哚胺类和苯乙胺类。吲哚胺类致幻剂包括 LSD(麦角酸二乙酰胺)和在迷幻蘑菇中发现的裸盖菇素。这些药物以能产生生动的视觉效果和使意识状态发生深刻改变而闻名。然而,它们也存在弊端——经常使用会导致快速耐受,需要更高的剂量才能达到同样的效果。虽然身体依赖并不常见,但有些使用者可能会出现戒断症状。在严重的情况下,可能需要使用地西泮等药物进行药物干预。

另一方面,苯乙胺类包括 MDMA(3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺),俗称摇头丸或莫莉,以及 PCP(苯环利定)。MDMA 的独特之处在于它兼具兴奋剂和迷幻剂的效果,常常引起同情、欣快和感官知觉增强的感觉。PCP 最初是作为麻醉剂开发的,高剂量时会导致情绪退缩和攻击性行为。与吲哚胺类相似,苯乙胺类的耐受性会迅速形成,过量服用时可能需要医疗干预。

Transcript

迷幻药或致幻剂是改变感知、认知和情绪的非成瘾物质。

它们激活大脑的 5-HT2A 受体,该受体与 Gq 蛋白偶联,产生 IP3 并最终导致细胞内钙释放。

致幻剂根据其独特的化学结构分为两大类。

吲哚胺包括 LSD 和裸盖菇素等药物。它们会诱发感官扭曲、幻觉和意识状态改变。

苯乙胺包括 MDMA、麦斯卡林和 PCP 等药物。

MDMA,被称为摇头丸或莫莉,提供兴奋剂和迷幻效果,引起同理心和欣快感。

PCP — 最初是作为麻醉剂开发的 — 在高剂量下会导致情绪退缩和攻击性。

虽然致幻剂不会引起身体依赖,但耐受性的快速发展需要药物监测或医疗干预。这包括安抚患者,在严重激越的情况下给予地西泮,或为 PCP 过量提供生命支持。

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