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Pharmacology
抗抑郁药:MAOI 和其他药物
抗抑郁药:MAOI 和其他药物
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

15.4: 抗抑郁药:MAOI 和其他药物

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01:23 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

非典型抗抑郁药,包括安非他酮 (Wellbutrin)、米氮平 (Remeron)、奈法唑酮 (Serzone)、曲唑酮 (Desyrel) 和维拉唑酮 (Viibryd),具有独特的作用机制。安非他酮对多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的再摄取有较弱的抑制作用,有助于抑郁症治疗和戒烟,且性功能障碍风险较低。米氮平可增强血清素和去甲肾上腺素的神经传递,导致嗜睡、食欲增加和体重增加。因此,它有助于治疗重度抑郁症,尤其是失眠或食欲不振的患者。奈法唑酮和曲唑酮是较弱的血清素再摄取抑制剂和镇静剂。奈法唑酮用于治疗重度抑郁症,而曲唑酮通常用于治疗失眠。维拉佐酮结合了血清素再摄取抑制和 5-HT_1a 受体的部分激动作用,类似于 SSRI 的不良反应。它还有助于治疗重度抑郁症。单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOI),如苯乙肼 (Nardil) 和司来吉兰 (Emsam),不可逆或可逆地抑制单胺氧化酶,导致神经递质积累增加。由于饮食限制和药物相互作用,它们通常作为对其他治疗无反应或不耐受患者的最后选择。不良反应包括因食用含酪胺的食物而导致的高血压、嗜睡、直立性低血压、视力模糊、口干和便秘。

血清素-多巴胺活性调节剂 (SDAM),如阿立哌唑 (Abilify)、布瑞哌唑 (Rexulti)、2 型多巴胺 (D2) 和 2A 型血清素 (5HT_2A) 受体拮抗剂,如喹硫平 (Seroquel),以及 SSRI,如氟西汀-奥氮平组合,是重度抑郁症的辅助治疗药物。尽管这些药物被列为非处方药物,用于治疗没有精神病特征的重度抑郁症,但它们存在体重增加和代谢综合征的风险。其他药物:较新的药物,如沃替西汀 (Trintellix),采用多模式方法。沃替西汀是一种 5-HT_1a 激动剂,可抑制 5-HT_3 和 5-HT_7 受体和血清素再摄取,导致恶心、便秘和性功能障碍。它被归类为血清素调节剂,用于治疗重度抑郁症,特别是对于有认知症状或对 SSRI 反应不足的患者。非典型抗精神病药与抗抑郁药的联合策略用于部分反应患者,但存在体重增加和代谢综合征等重大风险。

Transcript

单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOI) 抑制单胺氧化酶,增加神经递质水平。

非典型抗抑郁药包括具有调节大脑神经传递的不同机制的药物。

例如,安非他酮对多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的再摄取有较弱的抑制作用,有助于帮助戒烟。

奈法唑酮和曲唑酮等血清素受体拮抗剂可作为弱血清素再摄取抑制剂和镇静剂,有效治疗重度抑郁症和失眠症。

米氮平是一种中枢突触前 ɑ2 - 交感神经阻滞剂,可增强血清素和去甲肾上腺素神经传递,但可能导致镇静和体重增加。

沃替西汀抑制血清素再摄取,激动 5-HT1a 受体,拮抗 5-HT3 和 5-HT7 受体,使其可用于控制抑郁症。

Vilazodone 既是 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂,又是部分 5-HT1a 受体激动剂,有助于其抗抑郁作用。

其他抗抑郁药包括 NMDA 拮抗剂——氯胺酮和艾氯胺酮以及 GABAA 变构调节剂——brexanolone。

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