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Home
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
帕金森病:治疗
帕金森病:治疗
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Parkinson’s Disease: Treatment

15.6: 帕金森病:治疗

999 Views
01:24 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

神经退行性疾病,如帕金森病 (PD),涉及特定大脑区域的神经元逐渐且不可逆地破坏。这些疾病表现出标准特征,如蛋白质病、某些神经元的选择性易损性以及神经损伤的内在特性、遗传和环境影响的相互作用。

帕金森病主要是由于黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元的丢失所致。其治疗的基石是左旋多巴 (L-DOPA),这是一种可缓解症状的多巴胺前体。然而,长期使用会导致运动并发症,如反应波动和运动障碍。虽然左旋多巴会引起幻觉和精神错乱,尤其是在老年人和已有认知功能障碍的人中,但它不会对 PD 的病程产生不利影响。非典型抗精神病药,包括氯氮平 (Clorazil) 和喹硫平 (Seroquel),可有效治疗左旋多巴引起的精神病。左旋多巴和多巴胺激动剂可导致冲动控制障碍,并且 PD 患者存在自杀风险。

为了增强左旋多巴的有效性并减少其外周副作用,左旋多巴通常与卡比多巴联合使用。卡比多巴抑制左旋多巴的外周脱羧,使更多的药物穿过血脑屏障,并最大限度地减少恶心和呕吐等副作用。不过,这是否与疾病或特定治疗有关尚不清楚。

多巴胺受体激动剂,如罗匹尼罗 (Requip) 和普拉克索 (Mirapex),比左旋多巴的作用时间更长,有助于控制运动波动。这些激动剂可引起幻觉、精神错乱、恶心和直立性低血压,应从低剂量开始,缓慢滴定。阿扑吗啡 (Apokyn) 是一种“急救疗法”,用于急性间歇性治疗 PD 的“关”期发作。与口服 DA 激动剂一样,它会引起 QT 间期延长、注射部位反应和潜在的滥用模式等副作用。COMT 抑制剂,如托卡朋 (Tasmar) 和恩他卡朋 (Comtan),可减轻接受左旋多巴/卡比多巴治疗的患者的“药效减退”症状。选择性 MAO-B 抑制剂,如司来吉兰 (Eldepryl) 和雷沙吉兰 (Azilect) 也用于治疗 PD,并且不会显著抑制儿茶酚胺的外周代谢。毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂,如苯海索 (Artane) 和苯扎托品甲磺酸盐 (Cogentin),用于早期 PD 治疗或作为多巴胺治疗的辅助手段。然而,它们会引起镇静和精神错乱,老年人对其耐受性不佳。金刚烷胺 (Gocovri) 是一种抗病毒药物,具有抗帕金森病活性,可用作轻度 PD 的初始治疗,以及作为左旋多巴剂量相关波动和运动障碍患者的辅助手段。尽管有头晕和嗜睡等轻微副作用,但这是一种有效的治疗方法,可以通过滴定剂量将其降至最低。

Transcript

帕金森病或 PD 是一种神经退行性疾病,其特征是胆碱能神经元和多巴胺能神经元减少之间的不平衡。

PD 治疗的基石是左旋多巴,这是一种多巴胺前体,在大脑中转化为多巴胺,可缓解症状。

它与外周脱羧酶抑制剂卡比多巴共同给药,以增强疗效并最大限度地减少副作用。

此外,COMT 抑制剂阻断降解左旋多巴的酶,使更高浓度的酶到达大脑并增强其治疗效果。

多巴胺受体激动剂刺激多巴胺受体,减轻震颤和僵硬等症状。毛-B 抑制剂抑制大脑中的多巴胺分解,提高其生物利用度。

抗胆碱能药物,如苯扎托品和苯海索,可防止乙酰胆碱的结合,乙酰胆碱是一种参与运动控制的神经递质,有助于控制震颤和僵硬。

金刚烷胺通过促进多巴胺释放和阻断谷氨酸受体来改善症状和运动障碍。

除了药物干预外,脑深部刺激等外科手术可以缓解严重症状或左旋多巴治疗并发症。

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