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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
阿尔茨海默病:治疗
阿尔茨海默病:治疗
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment

15.8: 阿尔茨海默病:治疗

829 Views
01:22 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 是一种神经退行性疾病,病理学特征为淀粉样斑块和由 tau 蛋白组成的神经原纤维缠结。AD 的药物治疗旨在控制认知症状、延缓疾病进展和治疗行为症状。治疗主要为对症和姑息治疗,没有明确的疾病改良疗法。胆碱酯酶抑制剂,包括多奈哌齐 (Aricept)、利凡斯的明 (Exelon) 和加兰他敏 (Razadyne),是 AD 前两个阶段的一线治疗药物。这些药物通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 起作用,从而增强大脑中的胆碱能传递。胆碱能神经元的丧失是 AD 的特征。这些抑制剂的常见不良反应包括恶心、腹泻、呕吐、厌食、震颤、心动过缓和肌肉痉挛。

美金刚 (Namenda) 是一种 NMDA 拮抗剂,用于治疗中度至重度 AD,作为胆碱酯酶抑制剂的辅助或替代药物。它充当 NMDA 受体拮抗剂,限制钙离子流入神经元并防止谷氨酸过量引起的神经元损伤。美金刚通常耐受性良好,报告的剂量依赖性不良事件很少。由于其作用机制不同且具有潜在的神经保护作用,它通常与 AChE 抑制剂联合使用。对于痴呆症中的行为和精神症状 (BPSD),SSRI 或非典型抗精神病药可与胆碱酯酶抑制剂和美金刚一起使用。研究人员已经探索了几种其他药物来治疗 AD,包括胆碱类药物、MAO B 型抑制剂和 NMDA 受体抑制剂。此外,针对淀粉样蛋白β (Aβ) 的抗体已显示出减缓 AD 认知衰退的潜力。

总之,治疗 AD 涉及多管齐下的方法,重点是症状管理、延缓疾病进展和行为症状治疗。然而,这些治疗不会改变 AD 的潜在神经退行性过程。

Transcript

阿尔茨海默病或 AD 药物治疗的目标是控制认知症状、延缓疾病进展和治疗行为症状,提供姑息性和平均短期益处。

胆碱酯酶抑制剂,如多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀和加兰他敏,是轻度或中度 AD 的一线治疗。它们通过抑制 CNS 中的 AChE 来增强胆碱能传递。

胆碱酯酶抑制剂的副作用包括恶心、呕吐、腹泻、厌食、震颤、心动过缓和肌肉痉挛。

美金刚是一种 NMDA 受体拮抗剂,在 AD 的后期用作胆碱酯酶抑制剂的辅助治疗。

它限制了 Ca2+ 流入神经元,防止了由于谷氨酸过量引起的神经元损伤。

美金刚通常耐受性良好,几乎没有剂量依赖性不良事件报道。

对于 AD 的行为症状,SSRIs 或第二代抗精神病药可与胆碱酯酶抑制剂和美金刚一起使用。

尽管有可用的治疗方法,但 AD 仍然无法治愈,药物只能缓解症状和改善生活质量。

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