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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
抗焦虑药物:概述
抗焦虑药物:概述
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Anxiolytic Drugs: Overview

16.2: 抗焦虑药物:概述

1,059 Views
01:26 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

抗焦虑药物对于治疗焦虑症至关重要,能有效缓解过度恐惧、心动过速和震颤等症状。抗焦虑药物有几类,每类都有独特的作用机制和可能伴随的副作用。

抗焦虑药物的主要类型

  1. 苯二氮卓类药物:
  2. 苯二氮卓类药物与大脑中的 GABA_A 受体结合,增强 GABA 的相互作用。这种作用减少了神经传递,有效地阻断了与焦虑相关的边缘回路。虽然苯二氮卓类药物有效且起效迅速,但它们也有副作用,包括镇静、协调性受损和依赖性风险。由于这些副作用,不建议长期使用苯二氮卓类药物。

  3. 丁螺环酮 (Buspar):
  4. 丁螺环酮对血清素受体 5-HT_1A 和 5-HT_2 具有很强的亲和力,可促进血清素能神经传递以缓解焦虑。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,丁螺环酮不提供即时缓解,通常需要 2-4 周才能起效。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,它引起的镇静和认知障碍较少,但可能导致头痛、眩晕和恶心等其他副作用。

  5. 抗抑郁药:
  6. 抗抑郁药,包括选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs) 和血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRIs),可提高大脑中的血清素和去甲肾上腺素水平。通过延长神经传递,这些药物可缓解焦虑症状。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,这些药物通常在 4-6 周内起效。 SSRIs 和 SNRIs 因其在治疗各种焦虑症方面的有效性而常被用作长期治疗药物。副作用可能包括头痛、性功能障碍、头痛、恶心、眩晕以及镇静。

  7. β-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂(β-受体阻滞剂):
  8. β-受体阻滞剂通过阻断肾上腺素的作用,有助于减少震颤和降低心率。普萘洛尔(Inderal)作为唯一一种用于焦虑治疗的非标签β-阻滞剂。当身体焦虑症状(如颤抖和心悸)明显时,可使用该药物。但是,它会引起疲劳、眩晕和低血压等副作用。值得注意的是,它并未获得 FDA 批准用于治疗焦虑症,因为它不解决焦虑的心理方面。但是,它可用于减轻舞台恐惧或表演焦虑症(如震颤、心动过速)的症状,不适合长期治疗。

抗焦虑药物,包括苯二氮卓类药物、丁螺环酮、抗抑郁药和 β 受体阻滞剂,为患有焦虑症的患者提供了宝贵的治疗选择。医疗保健专业人员在开具这些药物时必须仔细评估患者的具体症状和病史。

Transcript

抗焦虑药通过缓解过度恐惧、心动过速和震颤等症状来有效控制焦虑症。

抗焦虑药包括苯并二氮卓类药物、丁螺环酮、抗抑郁药和β阻滞剂。

苯二氮卓类药物结合 γ-氨基丁酸或 GABA 受体,增强 GABA 与其受体的相互作用。这种作用减少了神经传递,有效地阻断了大脑中与焦虑相关的边缘回路。

它们有不良反应,包括镇静、协调受损和依赖风险。

相比之下,丁螺环酮对 5-HT1A 或 5-羟色胺受体具有很强的亲和力,促进 5-羟色胺能神经传递以缓解焦虑。值得注意的是,它引起的镇静和认知功能障碍较少,但可能导致头痛、头晕和恶心。

抗抑郁药包括选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs) 和血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRIs)。它们会提高血清素和去甲肾上腺素水平,延长神经传递以减轻焦虑。

β阻滞剂有助于减少震颤并使心率正常化,但会导致疲劳、头晕和低血压。

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