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Home
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
失眠管理
Video Quiz
失眠管理
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.  Sign in or start your free trial.
JoVE Core Pharmacology
Management of Insomnia

16.5: 失眠管理

747 Views
01:19 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

睡眠周期是人类健康不可或缺的一部分,由几个具有不同特征和功能的阶段组成。它始于从清醒到睡眠的过渡,称为浅睡眠阶段,然后是恢复性深度睡眠阶段,这对身体恢复和成长至关重要。该周期以快速眼动 (REM) 阶段结束,其特点是大脑活动活跃和梦境生动。失眠是一种普遍的睡眠障碍,包括入睡困难、难以保持睡眠或两者兼而有之。这些干扰会导致嗜睡、情绪紊乱和表现受损。失眠可能是短暂的(持续几天)、短期的(几周)或慢性的(超过三个月)。

失眠管理包括认知行为疗法 (CBT)、生活方式改变以及在需要时进行药物治疗。良好的睡眠卫生包括保持规律的睡眠时间表并避免睡前进行某些活动,例如运动和摄入咖啡因。失眠的 CBT 旨在重塑导致失眠的思想、感觉和行为。技术包括刺激控制以建立强烈的睡眠暗示、睡眠限制以提高睡眠效率以及放松训练以减少焦虑并促进休息。

此外,在医疗监督下,可以使用镇静催眠药治疗严重失眠。这些是一类诱导或维持睡眠的药物。镇静催眠药进一步分为苯二氮卓类 (BZD)、巴比妥类和非苯二氮卓类(也称为“Z 药物”)。这些药物都作用于 GABA_A 通道上的不同变构位点。

BZD 增强了 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA_A) 的抑制作用,GABA_A 是一种降低神经元兴奋性并诱导睡眠的神经递质。然而,BZD 有潜在的副作用,包括依赖性和戒断症状,​​不鼓励长期用于治疗失眠。巴比妥类药物是另一类镇静催眠药,应尽可能避免使用,因为它们具有较高的成瘾和过量服用风险。Z 类药物和褪黑激素受体激动剂是较新的催眠药物。Z 类药物(例如唑吡坦、扎来普隆和右佐匹克隆)是非苯二氮卓类催眠药,可选择性作用于 GABA_A 受体,促进镇静并有效治疗失眠。相比之下,褪黑激素受体激动剂(例如雷美替胺)通过靶向大脑视交叉上核中的褪黑激素受体来模拟褪黑激素的作用,有助于调节昼夜节律并改善入睡,尤其是对于患有睡眠时相延迟障碍或慢性失眠症的患者。它们具有治疗效果,比 BZD 和巴比妥类药物更受欢迎,并且因为它们的滥用风险和依赖风险较低,副作用也比传统催眠药少。

总之,了解睡眠周期和失眠的复杂性对于有效管理至关重要。这需要采取综合方法,结合生活方式的改变、认知行为疗法和必要时仔细监测药物治疗。

Transcript

睡眠周期包括多个阶段,从清醒到浅睡眠,最后进入深度睡眠,最后是快速眼动阶段。

失眠是一种常见的睡眠障碍,其特征是难以入睡、难以保持睡眠或两者兼而有之。这会导致白天嗜睡、情绪障碍和表现受损。失眠可以是短暂的、短期的或长期的。

其管理包括行为技术、生活方式改变(如定期锻炼)、良好的睡眠卫生、认知行为疗法和药物治疗(如果需要)。

安眠药有助于诱导或维持睡眠,适用于在医疗监督下短期管理严重失眠。

苯二氮卓类药物是一类镇静催眠药,可增强 GABA 的抑制作用以诱导睡眠。

巴比妥类药物是另一类催眠药,由于其滥用风险高,因此使用频率较低。

与传统催眠药相比,非苯二氮卓类药物和褪黑激素受体激动剂具有治疗效果,不良反应较少。

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