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Pharmacology
镇静剂和催眠药:巴比妥类药物
镇静剂和催眠药:巴比妥类药物
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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16.6: 镇静剂和催眠药:巴比妥类药物

957 Views
01:20 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

镇静剂和催眠药包括一类作用于中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的药物,可缓解焦虑、促进放松和诱导睡眠。这些药物通过增强神经递质 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 的作用发挥作用,从而降低神经元活动。巴比妥类药物是镇静剂和催眠药中的一个类别,于 19 世纪后期首次合成,根据其作用持续时间分为超短效、短效、中效和长效组。此类药物的主要代表是苯巴比妥,其结构独特,核心为嘧啶环,并附有额外的苯基和乙基。巴比妥类药物增强 GABA 在 GABA_A 受体上的作用,导致神经元超极化和兴奋性降低。它们还可以抑制谷氨酸等兴奋性神经递质的活性。在治疗方面,巴比妥类药物具有镇静、催眠、抗惊厥、麻醉和肌肉松弛作用。在临床中,它们可用于治疗癫痫等疾病,诱导脑外伤患者昏迷,并作为失眠的辅助治疗,但由于其安全性,它们很少用于失眠。苯二氮卓类和 z 类药物是治疗失眠的首选药物。

巴比妥类药物并非没有副作用。这些副作用包括嗜睡、精神错乱、呼吸抑制以及长期使用可能导致身体依赖。此外,巴比妥类药物可以与其他中枢神经系统抑制剂(如酒精)相互作用,增强其作用并可能导致严重镇静或呼吸抑制加剧。巴比妥类药物是 CYP450 酶的强效诱导剂;这会加速其他药物的代谢并降低其疗效。如果过量服用,巴比妥类药物会导致严重的中枢神经抑制,从而导致昏迷或死亡。通常通过包括支持性护理和特定的解毒剂,如碳酸氢钠,以加速尿液排泄进行治疗。

尽管巴比妥类药物因其强大的中枢神经系统效果,在特定的临床情况下仍然必不可少。但由于存在依赖性和呼吸抑制的高风险,其使用量已显著减少。现在,更安全的替代品,如苯二氮卓类和非苯二氮卓类镇静催眠药,为患者提供了更好的安全性。

Transcript

镇静剂和催眠药是通过抑制中枢神经系统来减轻焦虑、诱导平静或促进睡眠的药物。

巴比妥类药物是一类源自巴比妥酸的镇静催眠药,根据其作用持续时间进行分类。

GABA 对 GABAA 受体的作用,导致神经元超极化和兴奋性降低。

在治疗方面,它们具有镇静、催眠、抗惊厥、麻醉诱导和肌肉松弛作用。

在临床上,苯巴比妥等巴比妥类药物有助于控制癫痫,在脑损伤中诱导昏迷,并作为二线失眠治疗。

它们的不良反应包括嗜睡、意识模糊、呼吸抑制和身体依赖。它们可以与其他 CNS 抑制剂相互作用,从而增强它们的作用。

过量会导致严重的中枢神经系统抑制,导致昏迷甚至死亡。

巴比妥类药物中毒的治疗包括支持性治疗和特异性解毒剂,如碳酸氢钠,以促进尿液排泄。

尽管巴比妥类药物在临床上具有无价值,但正在被苯二氮卓类药物等更安全的替代品所取代。

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