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Pharmacology
上呼吸道药物:镇咳药、祛痰药和粘液溶解药
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上呼吸道药物:镇咳药、祛痰药和粘液溶解药
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

18.6: 上呼吸道药物:镇咳药、祛痰药和粘液溶解药

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01:23 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

呼吸道症状,如充血和咳嗽,通常伴随呼吸道疾病。各种药物,如镇咳药、祛痰药和粘液溶解药,在缓解症状方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

镇咳药包括可待因、右美沙芬 (Robitussin) 和苯佐那酯 (Tessalon)。可待因和右美沙芬通过抑制延髓的咳嗽反射中枢发挥中枢作用。苯佐那酯通过麻醉呼吸道中的拉伸感受器在呼吸道内周围起作用。镇咳药可减轻不产生粘液的干咳(无痰咳嗽),缓解持续的咳嗽。

祛痰药,如愈创甘油醚 (Mucinex),采用不同的策略。虽然其确切作用机制尚未完全了解,但据信它们可以降低粘液的粘度,使其更容易排出,但它们不一定会增加呼吸道分泌物的产生。这种粘度的降低有助于粘液从呼吸道排出(有痰咳嗽),这对粘稠粘液的情况特别有益。

粘液溶解剂是呼吸护理的另一个方面,它使用不同的机制。乙酰半胱氨酸 (Mucomyst) 和多诺索阿尔法 (Pulmozyme) 等药物可以分解集中在肺部下部的粘稠粘液的分子结构。因此,消除这种顽固的粘液变得更容易。例如,乙酰半胱氨酸用于治疗肺炎、支气管炎和囊性纤维化等疾病,这些疾病中粘稠的粘液会造成很大的阻碍。

这些药物并非没有潜在的缺点。尤其是使用止咳药时,可能会出现头晕、眩晕和嗜睡等副作用,尤其是与其他中枢神经抑制剂(包括抗组胺药)联合使用时。止咳药和祛痰药在怀孕、哺乳和哮喘患者中也需要特别谨慎。

止咳药可以穿过胎盘屏障,可能影响发育中的胎儿。虽然对妊娠期使用止咳药的直接风险的研究有限,但医疗保健提供者应谨慎避免胎儿不必要地接触药物。虽然祛痰药通常被认为在怀孕期间比止咳药更安全,但关于其对胎儿发育影响的研究仍然有限。孕妇通常被建议在使用祛痰药之前咨询医疗保健提供者,以确保潜在的好处大于潜在的风险。

对于哮喘患者来说,抑制咳嗽可能会有问题,因为咳嗽是一种清除呼吸道粘液和刺激物的防御机制。如果由于抑制咳嗽而导致粘液在气道中积聚,则可能会加剧哮喘症状并可能引起哮喘发作。粘液溶解剂可能导致气道充血增加并可能恶化哮喘症状,因此应谨慎使用。

Transcript

常见的呼吸系统不适,包括充血和咳嗽,可以使用镇咳药、祛痰药和粘液溶解剂来缓解。

镇咳药,如可待因和右美沙芬,起到中枢作用并抑制延髓中的咳嗽反射中枢。相比之下,苯佐那酯作用于呼吸道的外周。镇咳药可缓解干咳,缓解持续咳嗽。

祛痰药,如愈创甘油醚,可增强呼吸道分泌物的产生,降低粘液的粘度。

这有助于粘液从呼吸道排出,有助于以粘稠粘液为特征的情况。

粘液溶解剂,如乙酰半胱氨酸和阿法道酶,可分解肺下部的粘稠粘液,促进排泄。

乙酰半胱氨酸用于治疗肺炎、支气管炎和囊性纤维化。

这种药物具有潜在的副作用,包括头重脚轻、头晕和嗜睡,尤其是与抗组胺药联合使用时。

镇咳药和祛痰药在怀孕、哺乳和哮喘患者期间需要谨慎使用。

一般来说,不建议哮喘患者使用粘液溶解剂。

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