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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
呕吐的病理生理学
Video Quiz
呕吐的病理生理学
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Pathophysiology of Vomiting

24.1: 呕吐的病理生理学

3,687 Views
01:22 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

呕吐是一种复杂的生理反应,目的是将有害或刺激性物质排出体外。它作为一种防御机制,由各种刺激触发,包括毒药、微生物毒素、细胞毒药物和机械性腹胀等刺激。该过程由位于脑干延髓的呕吐(或催吐)中心集中协调。该区域富含毒蕈碱 M1、组胺 H1、神经激肽 1 (NK_1) 和血清素 5-HT_3 受体,通过与脑神经和神经网络,如化学感受器触发区 (CTZ) 和孤束核 (STN),相互作用来协调呕吐行为。

CTZ 是许多催吐和止吐药物的主要作用位点,在启动呕吐反射方面至关重要。它位于血脑屏障之外,检测血液和脑脊液中的刺激并向呕吐中枢发出信号以启动呕吐。另一个参与该过程的部位 STN 富含脑啡肽、组胺、乙酰胆碱和血清素受体。

呕吐中枢还接收来自内耳前庭器官、高级皮质中枢和胃肠道传入神经的信号。前庭系统包括毒蕈碱和组胺受体,与晕动病有关。胃肠道的迷走神经和脊髓传入神经富含 5-HT_3 受体,因化疗、放疗、腹胀或胃肠炎引起的粘膜刺激而被激活。这会导致血清素释放并刺激 CTZ 和呕吐中枢,导致呕吐。此外,中枢神经系统也参与情绪和压力相关的呕吐。

由于血清素、多巴胺、组胺、乙酰胆碱和 P 物质等几种神经递质通过与呕吐中枢或 CTZ 中的相应受体结合来触发呕吐反射,因此它们是各种止吐药的重要靶点。

Transcript

呕吐或呕吐是一种保护性反射,由于药物、怀孕、胃肠道疾病或感染或偏头痛等触发因素,它会强行排出胃内容物。

在脑干中,呕吐中枢整合了来自多个来源的信号,包括化学感受器触发区或 CTZ、孤立束核或 STN、前庭器官、大脑皮层和胃肠道传入神经。

CTZ 富含多巴胺和阿片受体,可检测血液或脑脊液中的细胞毒性药物或阿片类药物等刺激,从而引发呕吐。

内耳的前庭器官通过颅神经 VIII 向 CTZ 发送信号,导致晕动病。

在胃肠道中,迷走神经和脊髓传入神经含有 5-羟色胺受体。检测到病原体或毒素后,胃肠道粘膜会释放血清素。这会激活传入神经,通过 CTZ 或 STN 传递信号,最终刺激呕吐中枢。

最后,大脑皮层会因不愉快的景象、恶臭或预期压力而引发呕吐。

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