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Pharmacology
化疗引起的恶心和呕吐:神经激肽-1
化疗引起的恶心和呕吐:神经激肽-1
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

24.3: 化疗引起的恶心和呕吐:神经激肽-1

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01:28 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

神经激肽 1 (NK_1) 受体分布于胃肠道、迷走神经传入神经和关键的中枢神经系统区域,包括呕吐中枢和化学感受器触发区 (CTZ)。化疗药物刺激胃肠道 (GI) 中的肠嗜铬细胞,释放大量 P 物质 (SP)。SP 是一种神经肽,由特定感觉神经在响应多种应激源(包括受化疗影响的胃肠道粘膜中的应激源)时释放。SP 结合并激活 NK_1 受体,引发与化疗相关的恶心和呕吐。

NK_1 受体拮抗剂,如阿瑞吡坦 (Emend)、奈妥吡坦 (Akynzeo) 和罗拉吡坦 (Varubi),专门用于抑制这一生理反应。这些药物可穿过血脑屏障,选择性地与 NK_1 受体结合,并阻止 P 物质的结合,从而有效预防化疗引起的恶心和呕吐 (CINV)。

CINV 通常包括两个阶段:急性期在化疗后数小时内发生,延迟期,发生在治疗后的两到五天内。虽然大多数止吐药可有效控制 CINV 的急性期,但 NK_1 受体拮抗剂在抑制延迟期方面表现尤为突出。为了获得最佳效果,它们通常与 5-HT_3 拮抗剂和地塞米松联合使用。

这些拮抗剂主要通过肝脏的 CYP3A4 通路代谢。然而,它们可以抑制抗癌药物(如:多西他赛 (Taxotere)、紫杉醇 (Taxol) 和伊马替尼 (Gleevec) )的肝脏代谢。不良反应可能包括疲劳、腹痛、腹泻、呃逆以及罕见的中性粒细胞减少症。

Transcript

脑干的中央呕吐中心和化学感受器触发区富含神经激肽 1 或 NK1 受体。在化疗期间,胃肠道粘膜释放 P 物质,P 物质穿过血脑屏障结合并激活 NK1 受体,最终诱发呕吐。

为了解决这个问题,有几种 NK1 受体拮抗剂,如阿瑞匹坦、奈妥匹坦和罗拉匹坦。它们选择性地结合 NK1 受体,阻断 P 物质结合并防止化疗引起的恶心和呕吐 (CINV)。

CINV 分为两个阶段:治疗后不久发生的急性期和治疗后几天出现的延迟期。

NK1 受体拮抗剂可有效抑制 CINV 的延迟期。它们通常与急性期抑制剂 – 5-HT3 拮抗剂和地塞米松一起使用。

它们主要由肝脏 CYP3A4 代谢。值得注意的是,这可能会影响 CYP3A4 介导的抗癌药物(如多西他赛、紫杉醇和伊马替尼)的代谢。

其他不良反应包括疲劳、腹泻、呃逆和中性粒细胞减少。

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