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Pharmacology
催吐剂和止吐剂:大麻素
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催吐剂和止吐剂:大麻素
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

24.5: 催吐剂和止吐剂:大麻素

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01:21 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

四氢大麻酚 (THC) 是一种植物大麻素,主要与 CB_1 受体相互作用,CB_1 受体是一种 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR),主要位于化学感受器触发区 (CTZ) 和呕吐中心及其周围。THC 还通过抑制血清素释放来阻断背迷走神经复合体 (DVC) 中的血清素受体活性。THC 通过这些相互作用发挥其止吐作用,这对接受化疗的患者有益。

两种合成的 THC 激动剂,屈大麻酚 (Marinol) 和那比隆 (Cesamet),已获得 FDA 批准用于治疗化疗引起的恶心和呕吐 (CINV)。屈大麻酚是大麻的主要精神活性化合物。它是一种高度脂溶性的化合物,口服后吸收迅速。应在化疗前 1-3 小时服用,如果需要,可在化疗开始后 2-4 小时给予额外剂量。但是,它会经历大量的首过肝脏代谢,这会限制其生物利用度。纳比隆仅以口服药丸形式提供。建议在化疗前一天晚上、化疗期间和化疗后服用。但是,这些大麻素具有不良反应,例如急性中毒、心动过速、精神病、焦虑、头晕、口干和欣快感。

Transcript

呕吐是一种从肠道排出毒素的保护性反射,可能成为定期化疗令人痛苦的副作用。

靠近化学感受器触发区和催吐中心的神经元含有大麻素或 CB1 受体。当被四氢大麻酚或 THC 激活时,这些受体会抑制神经递质(如血清素)的释放,从而阻止呕吐刺激的神经传递。这使得 CB1 受体成为一个有吸引力的药物靶点。

屈大麻酚或萘比隆等几种激动剂药物可增强 CB1 受体活性,减轻呕吐反射。

两种激动剂都是口服的,并在摄入后一小时内迅速起效,以防止化疗引起的恶心和呕吐。

Dronabinol 是一种大麻植物提取物,经历了广泛的首过肝脏代谢,降低了其生物利用度。其方案通常包括化疗前一剂,之后每 2-4 小时一次。

它们会引起不良反应,例如头晕、口干、欣快感、焦虑、体位性低血压和心动过速。

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