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Mechanical Engineering
应力应变图 - 脆性材料
应力应变图 - 脆性材料
JoVE Core
Mechanical Engineering
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JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering
Stress-Strain Diagram – Brittle Materials

18.4: 应力应变图 - 脆性材料

3,856 Views
01:24 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

脆性材料,其中包括玻璃、铸铁和石材,这些材料能够表现出其独特的特性。它们在发生断裂时其伸长率没有发生显著的变化,这表明了它们的断裂强度和极限强度是相当的。此类材料在断裂点处还表现出了较低的应变水平。脆性材料的失效主要是由正应力所引起的,沿着垂直于其施加载荷的表面所产生的破裂就证明了这一点。这些材料没有表现出明显的颈缩。颈缩是指在应力作用下,其横截面积的局部逐渐减小。在大多数脆性材料中,一个有趣的方面是它们在压缩时的极限强度高于在拉伸时的极限强度,这主要是由于裂纹或空洞等微观缺陷会在拉伸应力的状态下来削弱材料的强度,但对其压缩强度的影响却很小。

混凝土是一种常见的脆性材料,在拉伸和压缩下的表现是不同的。拉伸下的应力-应变图显示了直至屈服点的线性弹性范围,随后应变迅速增加直至其发生破裂。相比之下,混凝土在压缩下能够表现出较大的线性弹性范围,即使在峰值的应力下也不会发生破裂。相反的,应力随着应变的增加而逐渐减小,直至其发生破裂。重要的是,对于大多数脆性材料,弹性模量(在应力-应变曲线中通过线性部分的斜率进行表示)在拉伸和压缩方面是保持一致的。

Transcript

脆性材料在拉伸应力下不会伸长太多,然后破裂,这意味着它们的极限强度和断裂强度相同。与延展性材料相比,它们在破裂过程中具有较低的应变。

它沿着垂直于载荷的表面发生,表明法向应力主要导致失效。

脆性材料在压力下不会发生明显的颈缩。

大多数脆性材料在压缩时的极限强度高于拉伸强度,这主要是由于裂纹或空腔等微观缺陷在拉伸下会削弱材料。

考虑混凝土板的应力-应变图,这是脆性材料的一个例子。

在受拉作用下,观察到线弹性范围,直到屈服点,然后应变比应力增加得更快,直到板破裂。

在压缩下,混凝土显示出更大的线弹性范围,并且当应力达到峰值时不会发生破裂。相反,应力减小,而应力继续增加直到破裂。

对于

大多数脆性材料,弹性模量(由线性区域的斜率表示)在压缩和拉伸方面都相等。

Explore More Videos

脆性材料 应力-应变图 断裂特性 伸长率 断裂强度 极限强度 法向应力 断裂 颈缩 抗压强度 拉应力 混凝土行为 线弹性范围 弹性模量

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