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JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
结核病 IV-诊断评估
结核病 IV-诊断评估
JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
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JoVE Core Medical-Surgical Nursing
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

3.9: 结核病 IV-诊断评估

479 Views
01:26 min
October 25, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

结核病,通常称为 TB,是一种由结核分枝杆菌引起的传染病。虽然结核病主要影响肺部,但也会影响身体的其他部位。鉴于其严重性和全球影响,及时准确的诊断对于控制其传播和改善患者治疗效果至关重要。

检测结核病有多种诊断方法。传统方法是结核菌素皮肤试验 (TST),也称为结核菌素试验。然而,这种方法有局限性,因为它无法区分潜伏性结核感染和活动性结核病。此外,需要两次前往医疗机构进行测试和结果解释。

在 TST 中,将少量纯化蛋白衍生物 (PPD) 结核菌素皮内注射到前臂。48 至 72 小时后,患者返回医院接受检查,在此期间,医护人员会测量硬结的大小,即以毫米为单位的硬凸起,不考虑发红程度。

TST 结果的解读取决于硬结大小和个人患结核病的风险因素。HIV 感染者、近期结核病接触者、胸部 X 光片显示与既往结核病相符的人以及免疫抑制患者或器官移植患者,5毫米或更大的硬结被视为阳性结果。高危人群(包括来自结核病高发国家的新移民、静脉注射吸毒者、高危环境居民和 4 岁以下儿童)认为硬结 10 毫米或以上为阳性。对于没有已知风险因素的个人,硬结 15 毫米或以上为阳性。TST 是一种筛查工具;阳性结果提示需要进一步检测以确认活动性结核病。

如果某人出现结核病症状,医疗保健提供者应立即进行其他诊断测试,以确保及时准确的诊断。

这些额外的诊断测试包括干扰素γ释放试验(用于测量免疫系统对结核病细菌的反应)、胸部X光检查(用于显示肺部损伤)、痰培养(从肺粘液中培养结核病细菌)、核酸扩增检测(一种快速分子检测)以及计算机断层扫描(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI),这些对于检测肺外结核病至关重要。

Transcript

结核病的诊断涉及一系列测试。

初始方法是 Mantoux 结核菌素皮肤试验,该试验需要将少量结核菌素纯化的蛋白质衍生物皮内注射到前臂。

在 48-72 小时内出现坚硬、凸起的肿块,称为硬结,可能表明患有结核病感染。

对于 HIV 感染者和最近与结核病患者接触过的人,硬结 5 毫米或以上被认为是阳性的。

无论风险因素如何,15 毫米或以上的硬结都被认为是阳性的。

接下来,干扰素-γ 释放试验涉及评估免疫系统对结核分枝杆菌反应的血液测试。

此外,胸部 X 线检查显示上叶浸润、空洞或纵隔淋巴结肿大可提供肺结核的指征。

痰培养通过在实验室中收集和培养痰液样本来鉴定细菌。

最后,CT 或 MRI 可以帮助检测肺外结核的诊断过程。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Tuberculosis (TB) – An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Mantoux Test – A diagnostic tool primarily used to detect TB.
  • Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) – A substance used in TB testing, specifically in the Mantoux test.
  • Induration – A hard, raised bump, the size of which aids in TB diagnosis.
  • Extrapulmonary TB – TB infection that affects body parts outside the lungs.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Tuberculosis – Explain what it is (e.g., tuberculosis).
  • Contrast Mantoux Test vs Other Diagnostic Tests – Explain key differences (e.g., Interferon Gamma Release Assays).
  • Explore Induration Measurement - Describe scenario (e.g., interpretation based on risk factors).
  • Explain the Process of TB Diagnosis – Short description of Mantoux test and other techniques.
  • Apply Diagnosis in Context – Short description.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • [Question 1] What is Tuberculosis and how to diagnose it (include Mantoux test)?
  • [Question 2] How is the size of induration relevant for TB diagnosis?
  • [Question 3] What are the alternative diagnostic tests for TB?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand How the diagnosis of tuberculosis supports student understanding in medical studies
  • Educators – Provides a clear framework it helps with teaching the topic of infectious diseases
  • Researchers – Relevance for epidemiological study or improvement of diagnostic methods
  • Healthcare Professionals – Broadens their knowledge of the different diagnostic tools for tuberculosis

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