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Medical-Surgical Nursing
直肠和肛门的评估
直肠和肛门的评估
JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
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JoVE Core Medical-Surgical Nursing
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

8.11: 直肠和肛门的评估

1,164 Views
01:25 min
January 17, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

评估直肠和肛门在胃肠系统的全面体检中具有至关重要的作用。尽管这可能会让患者感到不适甚至尴尬,但其诊断价值巨大,尤其是在检测胃肠道疾病和异常时。本指南将解释如何使用视诊和触诊方法进行此项评估。

直肠检查

首先检查肛周和肛门区域的颜色、质地、皮疹、瘢痕、红斑、裂隙和痔疮。寻找是否存在肿块或异常区域。如果发现任何异常,请用戴手套的手进行触诊。

确保准备好适当的照明、水溶性润滑剂、手套和遮布。向患者说明检查步骤并尽量让其感到舒适。直肠检查的体位选择包括左侧卧位(髋部和膝盖弯曲)、膝胸位或站立位(髋部弯曲,上半身支撑在检查台上)。通常,患者会觉得右侧卧位最为舒适,双膝抬至胸部。

小心分开患者的臀部,进行目视检查,直至患者放松外括约肌。请患者屏气用力。这种方法可以帮助观察瘘管、裂隙、直肠脱垂、息肉和内痔的存在。

直肠触诊

进行直肠指检时,将戴好手套并涂有润滑剂的食指轻轻放置于肛门处。指导患者轻轻屏气用力(Valsalva动作)。当括约肌放松后,将手指插入,指向脐部方向。鼓励患者进行深呼吸并保持放松。尽可能深入触诊直肠的所有表面,检查是否存在结节、压痛或其他异常情况。

应记录括约肌的张力以及肛环是否存在结节或不规则现象。用戴手套的手指取出粪便样本,并检测是否有潜血。

检查结果

正常结果应包括质地光滑、柔软、均匀,无疼痛或不适。异常结果可能提示多种病症:

  1. 裂隙:肛管出现溃疡,可能由用力过度或刺激引起。
  2. 痔疮:直肠和肛门(内痔或外痔)处的静脉血栓形成,可能是由门静脉高压、慢性便秘、久坐久站或妊娠引起。
  3. 肿块:发现坚硬的结节边缘可能提示肿瘤或癌症。
  4. 黑便:异常的黑色柏油样粪便,含有消化的血液,可能提示癌症或上消化道因溃疡或静脉曲张而引发的出血。
  5. 藏毛囊肿:位于尾骨正上方中线位置的窦道开口或囊肿,可能是先天性的。
  6. 脂肪泻:脂肪性、泡沫状、恶臭的粪便,可能表明慢性胰腺炎、胆道梗阻或吸收不良问题。
  7. 里急后重:痛苦且无效的用力排便感,可能提示炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征或胃肠道感染引起的腹泻。

请记住,这项检查需要专业性和敏感性。在检查过程中,应始终确保患者的舒适和隐私。

Transcript

直肠和肛门评估通过检查和触诊技术进行。

确保适当的照明,并准备好水溶性润滑剂、手套和窗帘。

解释程序并确保患者的舒适度。

在直肠检查过程中,患者可以采取膝胸、臀部和膝盖弯曲的左侧或臀部弯曲的站立姿势。

首先检查肛周和肛门区域的颜色、质地、皮疹、疤痕、红斑、裂缝和痔疮。

轻轻分离患者的臀部并目视检查,直到患者放松了外括约肌控制。

让患者用力检查瘘管、裂隙、直肠脱垂、息肉和内痔的外观。

将戴手套、润滑的手指轻轻放在肛门上,让患者用力下压,进行直肠指检。

当括约肌放松时,将手指伸向脐部,触诊所有表面,检查是否有结节或不规则。

注意括约肌的张力,并检查肛门环是否有任何结节或不规则。

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