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JoVE Core
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
影响药物分布的因素:生理屏障
影响药物分布的因素:生理屏障
JoVE Core
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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JoVE Core Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

4.3: 影响药物分布的因素:生理屏障

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01:23 min
February 12, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

药物在体内的分布受到各种生理屏障的复杂调控,这些屏障控制着物质的通过。这些屏障包括毛细血管内皮屏障、血脑屏障、血脑脊液屏障、血胎盘屏障和血睾屏障。

毛细血管内皮屏障只允许 600 Da(道尔顿)以下的小分子通过。它还限制如肝素这样与血液成分结合的药物,限制它们在血流中的移动。

血脑屏障 (BBB) 是一种特殊的半透性细胞膜,将循环血液与脑细胞外液隔开。该屏障由紧密堆积的内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞足突和基底膜组成,形成高度选择性的界面。 BBB 只允许某些物质,例如小的脂溶性分子和必需营养素通过,同时限制许多药物,尤其是多巴胺等水溶性药物的进入。然而,在帕金森病等神经系统疾病的情况下,可以施用左旋多巴,这是一种可以穿过 BBB 的药物。在中枢神经系统 (CNS) 内,左旋多巴转化为多巴胺,减轻帕金森病的症状。

血脑脊液 (CSF) 屏障将血液与大脑和脊髓周围的脑脊液隔开,允许高脂溶性药物通过。虽然药物可以进入脑脊液,但由于脑脊液的大量流动不断清除,它们很难维持高浓度。有趣的是,某些药物,如磺胺甲恶唑,在脑脊液中的浓度可以高于在大脑区域的浓度。

妊娠期间的血-胎盘屏障允许分子量低于 1000 Da 的中度至高度脂溶性药物通过。巴比妥类药物、类固醇和抗惊厥药等物质可以通过简单扩散穿过这一屏障,影响胎儿对这些药物的暴露。

除了这些屏障之外,由睾丸塞托利细胞之间的紧密连接形成的血-睾屏障也起着重要作用。它限制药物进入精母细胞,保护正在发育的精子细胞。外排泵通过阻止阿霉素等细胞毒性药物进入进一步加强了这一屏障,保护了精子发生的微妙过程。

这些生理屏障充当复杂的守门人,调节药物在体内的分布,确保有针对性的药物输送,并保持重要器官和过程的完整性。了解这些障碍对于开发有效的药物疗法和最大限度地减少潜在的副作用至关重要。

Transcript

药物分布受多种生理障碍控制。

简单的毛细血管内皮屏障限制了大于 600 道尔顿的药物的通过,包括那些与肝素等血液成分结合的药物。

血脑屏障 (BBB) 限制多巴胺等水溶性药物。因此,帕金森病用左旋多巴治疗,左旋多巴可以进入中枢神经系统,在那里转化为多巴胺。

血脑脊液屏障主要允许高度脂溶性药物。由于 CSF 的体流连续去除,进入 CSF 的药物可能难以达到高浓度。有时,药物的 CSF 浓度可能超过其脑浓度,就像磺胺甲噁唑一样。

血胎盘屏障允许分子量低于 1000 道尔顿的中度至高度脂溶性药物通过简单的扩散穿过。

最后,由支持细胞之间的紧密连接形成的血睾屏障限制了药物通过精母细胞。外排泵进一步阻止了阿霉素等细胞毒性药物的进入。

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