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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
第一阶段反应:还原反应
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第一阶段反应:还原反应
JoVE Core
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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JoVE Core Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

5.5: 第一阶段反应:还原反应

685 Views
01:27 min
February 12, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

第一阶段生物转化还原反应是通过还原引入或暴露极性功能基团来修饰药物的化学过程。称为还原酶的一类酶催化这些反应,通过将亲脂性药物转化为极性更强、更易溶于水的代谢物以便于排出体外,在药物代谢中发挥关键作用。一种重要的还原反应是羰基还原,其中醛和酮被还原为醇。例如,在醛脱氢酶的催化下,乙醛转化为乙醇或苯乙酮转化为苯乙醇,这都体现了酮的还原过程。

还原反应也作用于醇和碳碳双键。酶醇脱氢酶将醇氧化为醛或酮,例如视黄醇转化为视黄醛。碳碳双键可以通过细胞色素 P450 还原酶等酶还原为单键,富马酸还原为琥珀酸就是如此。

还原反应还涉及含氮化合物,如硝基、偶氮和 N 氧化物。例如,硝基还原酶将硝基还原为氨基,如呋喃妥因转化为其胺形式。各种还原反应涵盖了各种功能团的还原。例如,偶氮还原酶将偶氮化合物还原为一级胺,如柳氮磺吡啶转化为美沙拉嗪和磺胺吡啶。

第一阶段生物转化中的还原反应对药物解毒有重大贡献,有助于药物从体内消除。

Transcript

还原反应将电子引入药物分子,影响羟基和氨基等极性官能团,从而允许随后的生物转化或偶联。

羰基还原将脂肪族羰基化合物以及芳香族和脂环族酮转化为醇。例如,纳曲酮转化为其异吗啡衍生物。

C=C 还原,如炔诺酮等类固醇,将双键转化为单键。醇在还原前脱水成烯烃,解痉药 bencyclane 的代谢物就是例证。

N 化合物还原将硝基、偶氮和 N-氧化物基团转化为还原形式。例如,硝西泮中的硝基还原通过亚硝基和羟胺中间体产生胺。

Prontosil 是一种偶氮药物,被还原为活性磺胺,而 N-氧化物丙咪嗪转化为丙咪嗪。

其他还原反应包括药物代谢中的各种还原过程。

麻醉剂氟烷发生还原性脱卤,并转化为三氟乙酸或其衍生物。

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