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Pharmacology
葡萄糖稳态:胰岛和胰岛素分泌
葡萄糖稳态:胰岛和胰岛素分泌
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

25.2: 葡萄糖稳态:胰岛和胰岛素分泌

1,938 Views
01:27 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

胰岛仅占胰腺体积的 1%–2%,是高度血管化和神经支配的微型器官。它们包含五种内分泌细胞类型,包括分泌胰岛素的 β 细胞,胰岛素合成起始于单条多肽链的前胰岛素原(preproinsulin),经加工生成胰岛素原(proinsulin),最终形成胰岛素和 C 肽。这个过程复杂且受到多层次调控,涉及高尔基复合体、内质网和 β 细胞的分泌颗粒。

胰岛素和 C 肽以等摩尔量共同分泌。由于肝脏的高效清除,胰岛素的半衰期为 5-6 分钟,而没有已知生理功能或受体的 C 肽的半衰期约为 30 分钟。 β 细胞还合成和分泌胰岛淀粉样多肽 (IAPP) 或胰淀素,这是一种影响胃肠道运动和葡萄糖吸收速度的肽。用于治疗糖尿病的药物普兰林肽模仿了 IAPP 的作用。

胰岛素分泌受到严格调节,以在禁食和进食期间保持稳定的血糖浓度。这种调节是通过与各种营养物质、胃肠激素、胰腺激素和自主神经递质的相互作用来实现的。葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸和酮体促进胰岛素分泌。GLUT1 介导人类 β 细胞中的葡萄糖摄取,导致葡萄糖磷酸化和 ATP 的产生。结果,K_ATP 通道关闭,促进 Ca^2+ 内流和胰岛素胞吐。来自 α 细胞的胰高血糖素发挥拮抗作用,以维持葡萄糖稳态。

肾上腺素能神经和胆碱能神经都大量支配胰岛。刺激 α_2 肾上腺素受体会抑制胰岛素分泌,而 β_2 肾上腺素受体激动剂和迷走神经刺激会增强胰岛素释放。低血糖、缺氧、运动和严重烧伤等各种情况都会激活自主神经系统的交感神经分支,从而通过刺激 α_2 肾上腺素受体来有效地抑制胰岛素分泌。

Transcript

胰腺由高度血管化和神经支配的胰岛组成,包括 α、β、δ、PP 和 ε 内分泌细胞。

其中,β细胞产生和分泌胰岛素,促进血液中过量的葡萄糖吸收。

最初,在内质网中合成的前胰岛素原裂解并折叠成胰岛素原,胰岛素原转移到高尔基体并包裹在囊泡中。在这里,酶促剪切产生胰岛素和 C 肽。

胰岛素分泌由葡萄糖触发,葡萄糖通过 GLUT1 进入人β细胞,经历葡萄糖激酶介导的磷酸化,形成葡萄糖-6-磷酸,进入糖酵解途径。

由此产生的 ATP 升高抑制 KATP 通道,使细胞膜去极化。

这会触发电压依赖性 Ca2+ 通道开放,提高胞质 Ca2+ 水平并促进囊泡胞吐作用和胰岛素释放。

低血糖、缺氧、运动和严重烧伤等情况会刺激 α2 肾上腺素能受体-Gi 蛋白偶联,降低 cAMP 水平和胰岛素分泌。

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