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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
低血糖和胰高血糖素
低血糖和胰高血糖素
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

25.16: 低血糖和胰高血糖素

1,022 Views
01:15 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

健康个体即使不长时间禁食,血糖水平也能维持在 80 mg/dL以上,这是因为神经内分泌反调节系统适应良好,可以有效预防急性低血糖,急性低血糖是一种可能危及生命的疾病。低血糖的主要临床情况包括糖尿病治疗、肿瘤不适当产生内源性胰岛素或胰岛素样物质​​以及非糖尿病患者使用降血糖剂。值得注意的是,肿瘤中的低血糖主要发生在禁食或吸收后状态。

低血糖可能是各种口服疗法的不良反应,其中胰岛素疗法的风险最大。导致低血糖的因素包括胰岛素剂量不匹配、胰岛素敏感性增加以及肾上腺或垂体功能不全等并发疾病。这带来了重大风险,必须与血糖控制的好处仔细权衡,尤其是在老年人群中。

对低血糖的最初反应包括减少内源性胰岛素分泌,随后释放反调节激素,如肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、胰高血糖素、生长激素和皮质醇。当血浆葡萄糖水平达到 60-70 mg/dL (3.3-3.9 mM) 时,就会出现症状,包括出汗、饥饿、感觉异常、心悸、震颤、焦虑和自主神经症状。严重的低血糖可导致神经症状、癫痫发作和昏迷。

在糖尿病患者中,胰高血糖素对低血糖的分泌反应可能会随着时间的推移而变得不足,从而增加严重低血糖的风险,尤其是那些对低血糖无意识和自主神经病变的患者。家庭血糖监测对于记录低血糖至关重要,有助于及时干预和管理。

低血糖的治疗选择包括口服葡萄糖、静脉注射葡萄糖或胰高血糖素,特别是在无法口服的情况下。通过重组 DNA 技术产生的胰高血糖素,与靶细胞上的胰高血糖素G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)相互作用,激活 G_s-cAMP-PKA 通路。它适用于有严重低血糖风险的个体,可通过静脉、肌肉或皮下注射的方式给药,紧急情况下首选肌肉注射方式。在对胰高血糖素产生初步反应后,患者应口服葡萄糖或进食,以防止低血糖再次发生。

总体而言,低血糖的管理需要细致了解其原因、症状和适当的治疗干预措施,确保受影响个体的安全和健康。

Transcript

如果不长时间禁食,由于神经内分泌系统适应良好,健康个体可以将血糖水平维持在 >80 mg/dL。

然而,糖尿病治疗、胰腺肿瘤产生过量胰岛素以及非糖尿病个体使用降糖剂可能会发生低血糖。

在低血糖个体中,血糖降至 70 mg/dL 以下,导致出汗、饥饿、意识模糊和意识丧失。

低血糖可以通过家庭血糖监测检测到,并口服葡萄糖治疗。

葡萄糖也可以在监督下静脉给药。

对于严重的低血糖反应,使用重组胰高血糖素,它与靶细胞上的胰高血糖素 GPCR 相互作用,激活信号通路。

胰高血糖素通常皮下或静脉给药,紧急情况下首选肌内注射途径。

初始反应后,患者应口服葡萄糖或食物,以防止复发性低血糖。

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