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JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
噩梦和夜惊
噩梦和夜惊
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology
Nightmares and Night Terrors

4.16: 噩梦和夜惊

573 Views
01:18 min
October 24, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

噩梦和夜惊代表两种不同类型的睡眠障碍,它们在时间、特征和睡眠者对事件的回忆上有所不同。噩梦是生动、令人不安的梦,通常会将睡眠者从快速眼动睡眠中唤醒,快速眼动睡眠是大脑活动最活跃、梦境最频繁的睡眠阶段。醒来后,人们往往能详细回忆起噩梦的内容,其中可能包括对生存、安全或自尊的威胁。

噩梦通常涉及复杂的场景,做梦者可能会感到被困或受到威胁,这些令人不安的经历会导致对睡眠的焦虑。心理因素,包括压力和创伤,在引发噩梦方面起着重要作用。例如,经历创伤事件或经历重大的生活变化会增加噩梦的频率和强度。成年人虽然相对于儿童较少受到噩梦的困扰,但在压力期间,他们也可能经历噩梦。

与噩梦不同,夜惊发生在非快速眼动睡眠期间,通常发生在入睡后的最初几个小时内。此阶段的特点是深度睡眠,很难被唤醒。夜惊涉及睡眠中的部分唤醒,并不构成完全觉醒。这些发作可能非常剧烈,患者表现出尖叫、抽搐和强烈恐惧等行为。生理反应包括心跳加速、呼吸急促和出汗。

夜惊的确切原因尚不清楚,但据认为与睡眠期间中枢神经系统过度兴奋有关。睡眠不足、发烧或睡眠时间不规律等因素会使这种情况恶化。控制夜惊通常需要创造一个安全和稳定的睡眠环境。预防措施包括确保充足的睡眠、减轻压力和保持规律的睡前习惯。在严重的情况下,可能需要咨询医疗保健提供者以探索进一步的干预措施。

解决噩梦需要心理干预,例如压力管理技术或治疗,以解决潜在的焦虑或创伤。写睡眠日记以识别诱因和睡前使用放松技巧等做法也可能有益。

噩梦和夜惊在儿童时期很常见,但通常会随着年龄的增长而减少。然而,当它们持续存在且令人痛苦时,会严重影响生活质量并需要专业关注。了解这些睡眠障碍之间的差异对于有效管理和确保恢复性睡眠至关重要。

Transcript

噩梦是在 REM 睡眠期间发生的令人痛苦的梦,通常会唤醒个人并在醒来时留下生动的记忆。

噩梦可以影响任何人,但最常见于儿童,其频率通常随着年龄的增长而降低。

压力性的生活事件,例如失去亲人或与他人发生冲突,会增加成人做噩梦的可能性。

相反,夜惊发生在非快速眼动睡眠期间。它们的特点是从睡眠中突然醒来、强烈的恐惧和生理反应,例如尖叫、大汗和心率加快。

夜惊大多被遗忘,如果个人醒来,可能会引起混乱。

它们比噩梦少见,通常发生在 5 至 7 岁的儿童身上,但也可能在承受严重压力的成年人身上表现出来。

此外,它们通常与睡眠剥夺和生理触发因素(如发烧)有关。

解决噩梦可能涉及管理压力,而解决夜惊需要确保安全的睡眠环境,如果经常,需要寻求医疗建议。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Nightmares – Vivid, disturbing dreams causing an awakening from REM sleep.
  • REM sleep – Stage of sleep marked by high brain activity and vivid dreams.
  • Night terrors – Partial arousal from non-REM sleep, causing dramatic behavior and fear.
  • Non-REM sleep – Deep sleep phase, difficult to awaken, common for night terrors to occur in.
  • Sleep disturbances – Disruptions in the sleep cycle, like nightmares or night terrors.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Nightmares & Night Terrors – Explain their difference and impact on sleep (e.g., non-REM vs REM sleep).
  • Contrast Non-REM & REM sleep – Explain how they relate to sleep disturbances (e.g., night terrors and nightmares).
  • Explore causes and management – Describe factors triggering disturbances and coping mechanisms (e.g., sleep deprivation, stress).
  • Explain role of trauma and stress – Understand how psychological factors affect quality of sleep.
  • Apply in Real-life Context – Recognize signs of these disturbances and approaches to lessen their frequency.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What's the difference between nightmares and night terrors?
  • How do non-REM and REM sleep differ, and how are they related to sleep disturbances?
  • What causes these disturbances, and how can they be managed?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand how sleep disturbances can affect quality of sleep, health and well-being.
  • Educators – Provides a deeper understanding of psychological and physiological aspects of sleep.
  • Psychologists – Insight into how psychological factors like trauma can affect sleep patterns.
  • Medical Professionals – Understanding aids in diagnosing and treating symptoms related to these disturbances.

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