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Home
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
物质使用障碍影响睡眠
Video Quiz
物质使用障碍影响睡眠
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

4.17: 物质使用障碍影响睡眠

490 Views
01:24 min
October 24, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

物质使用障碍涉及一种使用药物的模式,这种模式超出了预期,以及尽管有有害后果仍继续使用。这包括酒精和尼古丁等合法物质,以及非法药物。这些障碍通常涉及身体和心理依赖,反映了对物质的强迫性使用,这些物质会显著改变思想、情感和行为,从而对公共健康构成重大问题。

在物质使用障碍的背景下,理解身体依赖、心理依赖和耐受性的概念至关重要。身体依赖是指身体适应药物存在的状态。随着时间的推移,这种适应成为常态,需要持续使用药物才能正常运作并避免戒断症状。戒断症状通常与药物的作用相反,可能包括疼痛、痉挛和严重焦虑,具体取决于药物种类。

心理依赖涉及由情感或心理欲望驱动的对药物的感知需求。虽然心理依赖没有身体依赖的明显身体症状,但同样引人注目且难以克服。它通常涉及渴望和使用药物来获得幸福感或逃避压力的强烈愿望。

耐受性与身体依赖密切相关,当药物的初始剂量随着时间的推移而失去效力时,就会发生这种情况,迫使用户服用更高剂量以达到相同的效果。这种升级可能导致过量用药,因为身体应对药物毒性作用的能力不堪重负。

药物主要通过神经递质多巴胺影响大脑的奖励系统,从而增强愉悦感和幸福感。大脑对药物使用过程中多巴胺水平升高的适应会导致大脑结构和功能发生变化,特别是在涉及奖励、压力和自我控制的区域。这种神经框架是发展和维持物质使用障碍的基础。

这些类型的依赖及其与大脑奖励系统的相互作用之间的区别有助于解释为什么克服成瘾不仅仅需要意志力,还需要全面的行为和生理理解和干预。

Transcript

物质使用障碍包括尽管努力控制使用,但反复摄入比预期更多的物质,例如酒精、处方药或咖啡因。例如,一个人可能会在处方期后很长一段时间内继续使用安眠药。

这些药物包括咖啡因和酒精等合法物质以及海洛因和可卡因等非法药物。

过度使用咖啡因等药物会扰乱睡眠并培养依赖性,导致强迫性使用。

随着时间的推移,身体会适应咖啡因,以至于它的存在对于正常功能以及避免头痛或疲劳等戒断症状导致对药物的身体依赖是必要的。

同样,一个人可能会感到强烈需要喝咖啡因来改善情绪或管理压力,从而导致对药物的心理依赖。

这种依赖性源于大脑的奖励系统,增加多巴胺以增强愉悦感并加强药物使用,类似于巧克力对情绪的影响。

此外,当药物的效果随着使用而减弱时,就会产生耐受性,例如止痛药,促使患者服用更高的剂量。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Substance Use Disorders - Excessive, often harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, altering thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • Physical Dependence - Body's adaptation to a drug, often leading to withdrawal symptoms without it.
  • Psychological Dependence - Emotional or psychological drive to use a drug for well-being or stress escape.
  • Tolerance - Escalation in drug dosage as initial dose loses its effectiveness over time.
  • Dopamine - Neurotransmitter linked to feelings of pleasure, implicated in brain's reward system and drug addiction.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Substance Use Disorders - Understanding their prevalence and impact (e.g. alcohol, nicotine).
  • Contrast Physical vs Psychological Dependence – Highlighting their uniqueness and implications (e.g. withdrawal symptoms, cravings).
  • Explore Withdrawal Symptoms – Demonstrate how they appear and can be coped with (e.g. pain, cramps).
  • Explain Tolerance Mechanism – How it leads to increased drug consumption and risks (e.g. overdose).
  • Apply Dopamine's Role in Context – Understanding its influence on addiction and the brain's reward system.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What are Substance Use Disorders and how do they impact health?
  • How do physical and psychological dependence on drugs differ?
  • What is the role of dopamine in Substance Use Disorders?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand How Substance Use Disorders can help in developing critical perspective on drug use
  • Educators – Provides a comprehensive framework for explaining and teaching about Substance Use Disorders
  • Researchers – Offers key insights into the physiological and psychological mechanisms behind Substance Use Disorders
  • Science Enthusiasts – Deepens the understanding of the complex brain-drug interactions and promotes interest in neurology and psychology

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