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Home
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
致幻剂和迷幻药
Video Quiz
致幻剂和迷幻药
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology
Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

4.21: 致幻剂和迷幻药

852 Views
01:27 min
October 24, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

致幻剂是一种精神活性物质,可以极大地改变感知体验,产生不真实的视觉和感官图像。这些物质通常被称为迷幻药——这个词源于希腊语"psyche"(心灵)和"delos"(揭示),其中包括大麻和麦角酸二乙酰胺 (LSD) 等。这些药物的强度和效果各不相同。

大麻来自大麻植物的干叶和花,含有 delta-9-四氢大麻酚 (THC) 作为其主要活性成分。THC 会破坏神经元膜并影响各种神经递质和激素,从而导致一系列生理和心理影响。使用者通常会经历脉搏加快、眼睛发红、口干以及时间和空间感知扭曲。其心理影响是兴奋、抑郁和轻度幻觉特征的混合。长期吸食大麻会对生殖健康产生不利影响,降低男性精子数量,扰乱女性荷尔蒙周期。如果在怀孕期间吸食大麻,这种扰乱可能会导致不良的分娩结果,这凸显了吸食大麻可能带来的长期风险。

LSD 是一种强效致幻剂,以即使在低剂量下也能引起显著的知觉变化而闻名。吸食者经常报告出现生动的视觉幻觉、时间感改变和情绪波动剧烈。LSD 会影响大脑的血清素和多巴胺水平,导致这些剧烈的知觉变化。常见的身体副作用包括头晕、恶心和震颤,反映了该药物对中枢神经系统的强大影响。在 LSD 的影响下,认知功能和感官知觉会发生深刻变化,凸显了其强烈的精神活性。

大麻和 LSD 都会显著改变认知功能和感知,但它们通过不同的机制并以不同的强度实现这一点。大麻的作用主要通过 THC 破坏神经元膜来实现,从而影响多种神经递质和激素。相比之下,LSD 主要通过调节血清素和多巴胺水平来发挥其影响,导致明显的感知和情绪变化。这些致幻剂对大脑的影响凸显了它们的精神活性作用的复杂性以及与使用它们相关的重大风险。

虽然大麻和 LSD 等致幻剂可以深入了解人类思维的复杂运作,但它们可能对感知产生深刻改变并扰乱认知,因此必须仔细考虑其影响和风险。了解这些物质的作用机制和后果对于减轻它们对健康和福祉的不利影响至关重要。

Transcript

致幻剂是精神活性药物,可以改变个人对现实的感知,创造出不真实的视觉图像。

大麻和麦角酸二乙胺或 LSD 是常见的致幻剂。

大麻来源于大麻植物的干叶和花。它含有活性成分 delta-9-四氢大麻酚或 THC,可破坏神经元膜并影响神经递质和激素。

它会增加脉搏率,导致眼睛发红和口干,并扭曲对时间和空间的感知。它还会导致兴奋性、抑郁性和轻度幻觉的混合心理影响体验。

此外,大量使用会影响精子数量和月经周期。如果在怀孕期间使用,它还可能导致不良的分娩结果,例如低出生体重和认知能力发育迟缓。

同样,LSD 是一种强效致幻剂,即使在低剂量下也会引起显着的感知变化,包括视觉幻觉、时间感改变和情绪快速波动。

LSD 还会影响大脑中的血清素和多巴胺水平,导致头晕、恶心和震颤。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Hallucinogens - Psychoactive substances altering perceptions and sensory experiences.
  • Psychedelic Drugs - Another term for hallucinogens, revealing the mind.
  • Marijuana - Cannabis-derived substance with THC inducing physiological and psychological effects.
  • LSD - Potent hallucinogen affecting serotonin and dopamine levels causing perceptual changes.
  • THC - Primary active ingredient in marijuana, disrupting neuronal membranes.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Hallucinogens – Explain their psychoactive properties (e.g., hallucinogens).
  • Contrast Marijuana vs LSD – Explain key differences between two hallucinogens (e.g., THC vs serotonin and dopamine involvement).
  • Explore Examples – Describe effects of marijuana and LSD (e.g., perceptual changes and physical side-effects).
  • Explain Mechanism or Process – How hallucinogens affect neurotransmitters.
  • Apply in Context – Understanding the effects and risks of hallucinogens.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What are hallucinogens and how they alter perceptual experiences?
  • What is the difference between the effects of Marijuana and LSD?
  • How do hallucinogens, specifically Marijuana and LSD, affect neurotransmitters?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand how hallucinogens support student understanding of neuroscience and pharmacology
  • Educators – Provides a clear framework for teaching the topic of psychoactive substances
  • Researchers – Relevance for studing human mind, perceptual experiences and neurotransmitter dynamics
  • Science Enthusiasts – Offer insights into the effects of psychoactive substances and provoke curiosity about neuroscience

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