7.9
外显记忆
外显记忆（又称陈述性记忆）是有意识地记住、回忆和记述的记忆。准备化学考试所用的材料将成为外显记忆的一部分。外显记忆有两种类型：情景记忆和语义记忆。
情景记忆包含有关亲身经历事件的信息，并会以故事的形式被记述。情景记忆的一个例子是回忆生日庆祝活动。这种类型的记忆包括事件的内容、地点和时间，以及围绕事件…
情景记忆，也称为陈述性记忆，涉及对事件和事实的有意识回忆。
外显记忆可分为两种类型：情景记忆和语义记忆。
情景记忆涉及对个人经历事件的回忆，这些事件通常以故事或片段的形式被记住，包括事件的何事、何地和何时等细节。
例如，回忆自己上一次生日，包括该事件的具体细节以及相关的感受。
情景记忆也具有自传性质，能够记录特定地点和时间发生的特定事件。例如，回忆第一次驾驶汽车的经历，包括当时行驶的路线以及所感受到的情绪。
相比之下，语义记忆涉及关于词语、概念和事实的知识，通常以事实信息的形式被报告。例如，知道巴黎是法国的首都，以及认出埃菲尔铁塔是一座著名地标，都属于语义记忆的实例。
语义记忆包含基于语言的知识，如专业知识、在学校学到的常识以及关于词汇含义、著名人物和重要地点的日常知识。
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Core videos
Q1: What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic memory involves conscious recall of personally experienced events, including details like what, where, when, and associated emotions. Semantic memory consists of knowledge about words, concepts, and facts reported as factual information. For example, remembering your last birthday is episodic memory, while knowing Paris is the capital of France is semantic memory.
Q2: How is episodic memory different from semantic memory in terms of personal context?
Episodic memory is autobiographical, meaning it is tied to personal experiences and specific contexts, capturing events at particular places and times. Semantic memory is independent of personal identity and context. Recalling the emotions felt during your first drive is episodic; knowing that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius is semantic.
Q3: What types of knowledge does semantic memory include?
Semantic memory comprises language-based knowledge including expertise, general knowledge learned in school, word meanings, famous individuals, and important places. It encompasses factual information accessed without recalling when or where it was learned. Examples include recognizing the Eiffel Tower as a famous landmark or knowing that Lima is the capital of Peru.
Q4: What are explicit memories also called?
Explicit memories are also known as declarative memories. They involve conscious recollection of events and facts that can be deliberately recalled and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that becomes part of explicit memory, which can be consciously remembered and articulated.
Q5: How do episodic memories capture personal experiences?
Episodic memories are remembered as stories or episodes, capturing specific events at particular places and times with associated details and emotions. For example, remembering your last birthday includes details of the event and the feelings experienced. These memories form an autobiographical record of personally lived experiences.
Q6: What role does conscious recollection play in explicit memory?
Explicit memories require conscious recollection, meaning they are deliberately recalled and reported. Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories involve awareness and intentional retrieval of information. Both episodic and semantic explicit memories depend on this conscious, deliberate recall process for successful remembering.
Q7: Why is semantic memory considered independent of personal experience?
Semantic memory consists of general knowledge and facts that can be accessed without remembering the specific context or personal circumstances of learning them. Knowing that the Eiffel Tower is located in Paris does not require recalling when or where you learned this fact. This independence from personal context distinguishes semantic memory from episodic memory.