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Home
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
激励理论:动机拉动理论
激励理论:动机拉动理论
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

8.9: 激励理论:动机拉动理论

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01:18 min
January 8, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

激励理论(又称动机“拉动理论”)认为外部奖励是行为的主要驱动力。当个人预期能够得到理想的结果时,他们就会有参与活动的动机。这就是为什么人们经常为了获得晋升而努力工作或为了获得高分而潜心学习。这些激励可以是有形的物质奖励(例如金钱或晋升),也可以是无形的、非物质的奖励(例如赞扬和社会认可)。

这一理论对内在动机和外在动机进行了区分。内在动机指的是为了获得个人满足感而参与活动,例如学习一门新语言,仅仅是因为它很有趣。另一方面,外在动机源于获得对外部奖励的渴望,例如为了获得高分而学习或为了获得奖金而工作。

外在理论概念的一个例子是过度理由效应,当外部奖励削弱了内在动机时就会发生这种情况。在一个著名的实验中,那些在画画的同时期待着得到奖励的孩子在后来对画画本身表现出的兴趣减少了。这表明,引入外部奖励会将注意力从活动的内在乐趣上转移出去。

相比之下,对比效应是外在理论概念的另一个例子,它强调了取消预期奖励会降低动机的方式。例如,如果老鼠在迷宫中找不到奶酪,那么它就可能会失去兴趣。这种突然失去奖励的情况会形成鲜明的对比,使得个体失去维持这种行为的动力。

在拉动理论中,行为通常是由对奖励的期待所驱动的。例如,即使不饿,有些人也可能会因为甜点的诱人味道而吃掉甜点。这一理论还表明,这些刺激的习得性关联会增强其拉动力,从而强化某些行为。因此,人类的动机是内部需求和外部激励之间复杂的相互作用。

Transcript

激励理论,或动机拉动理论,表明行为是由外部刺激及其奖励特性来解释的,例如努力工作以获得晋升或学习以取得高分。

该理论区分了内在动机和外在动机。

当个人为个人实现而从事活动时,就会出现内在动机,例如为了自身而掌握一门学科。

相比之下,当成绩或金钱等外部奖励驱动行为时,就会出现外在动机。

有时,外在奖励会减少内在动机,导致过度合理化效应。

例如,在一项经典研究中,画画期待后来得到奖励的孩子比那些没有承诺任何奖励的孩子对没有奖励的绘画表现出的兴趣更小。这表明外部激励将重点转移到奖励上,减少了内在享受。

或者,一些研究人员提出了对比效应,即删除预期的奖励会降低动机,类似于老鼠在迷宫尽头没有找到奶酪时失去兴趣。

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