《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》（DSM）

The American Psychiatric Association first published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM in 1952 to standardize the classification of mental disorders.

The current edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced significant updates. It added new disorders, such as gambling addiction, and revised diagnostic criteria. For instance, DSM-5 allows a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder even when bodily symptoms have a medical explanation, unlike earlier versions that required no identifiable physical cause.

Each disorder in DSM-5 includes diagnostic features and criteria, prevalence rates, indicating the percentage of the population affected, and associated risk factors.

DSM-5 also highlights comorbidity, such as the 41% overlap between obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder.

Critics claim DSM-5 has loosened diagnostic criteria, increasing the likelihood of overdiagnosis. For example, earlier editions excluded symptoms of depression during bereavement from a diagnosis. DSM-5 removed this exclusion, enabling normal grief to be diagnosed as a major depressive disorder.